Table 4 Multilevel mixed effect analysis of individual and community level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women

Woman’s age

1.03(1.01–1.04)**

1.03(1.01–1.04)**

 15–24^a

1.00

1.00

 25–34

1.30(1.09–1.55)**

1.30(1.09–1.55)**

 35–49

1.26(0.92–1.74)

1.26(0.91–1.73)

 Catholic^a

1.00

1.00

 Anglican

1.13(1.01–1.27)*

1.09(0.97–1.22)

 Muslim

0.83(0.70–0.97)*

0.78(0.66–0.91)**

 Other

0.91(0.79–1.05)

0.90(0.78–1.04)

 No education^a

1.00

1.00

 Primary

1.63(1.38–1.93)**

1.50(1.27–1.78)**

 Secondary/Higher

2.17(1.78–2.64)**

1.93(1.58–2.37)**

 Poor^a

1.00

1.00

 Middle

1.42(1.24–1.63)**

1.27(1.10–1.46)**

 Rich

1.61(1.41–1.83)**

1.32(1.14–1.53)**

 Not working^a

1.00

1.00

 currently working

1.15(1.02–1.31)*

1.13(0.99–1.28)

 0–4^a

1.00

1.00

 5–9

1.08(0.97–1.21)

1.07(0.96–1.19)

  ≥ 10

0.87(0.76–0.98)*

0.86(0.76–0.98)*

Age at first birth

0.94(0.91–0.96)**

0.94(0.92–0.96)**

  < 20^a

1.00

1.00

  ≥ 20

0.81(0.69–0.95)*

0.82(0.70–0.96)*

 0–2^a

1.00

1.00

 3–5

0.93(0.80–1.07)

0.94(0.81–1.09)

 6+

0.72(0.58–0.90)**

0.76(0.61–0.94)*

 No^a

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.94(0.84–1.06)

0.95(0.84–1.07)

 No^a

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.08(0.97–1.20)

1.03(0.92–1.15)

 Urban^a

1.00

1.00

 Rural

0.92(0.78–1.09)

0.94(0.79–1.11)

 Central^a

1.00

1.00

 Eastern

0.87(0.72–1.05)

0.88(0.73–1.07)

 Western

1.06(0.89–1.27)

1.08(0.90–1.29)

 Northern

0.75(0.61–0.93)**

0.83(0.67–1.04)

 Big problem^a

1.00

1.00

 Not a big problem

1.16(1.04–1.28)**

1.18(1.06–1.31)**

 Low^a

1.00

1.00

 High

1.52(1.30–1.78)**

1.38(1.17–1.62)**

 Low^a

1.00

1.00

 High

0.66(0.56–0.79)**

0.78(0.65–0.93)**

 Low^a

1.00

1.00

 High

1.28(1.12–1.46)**

1.24(1.08–1.42)**

 Low^a

1.00

1.00

 High

1.31(1.15–1.49)**

1.22(1.06–1.39)**

Community mean age at first marriage

0.92(0.87–0.96)**

0.93(0.88–0.98)**

Community mean age at sexual debut

0.89(0.82–0.95)**

0.91(0.85–0.98)**

 Random effect

 Community level variance (SE)

0.39(0.04)**

0.27(0.04)**

0.24(0.03)**

0.22(0.03)**

 ICC (%)

10.7

7.5

6.8

6.3

 PCV (%)

Reference

30.8

38.5

43.6

 Log likelihood

− 5822

− 5466

− 5726

-5419

 AIC

11,648

10,973

11,477

10,902