Multilevel mixed effects analysis of individual and community level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women in Uganda

Table 3 Association of modern contraceptive use with the selected characteristics

Characteristic	OR(95% CI)
Woman’s age	1.02(1.02–1.03)**
15–24^a	1.00
25–34	1.50(1.31–1.71)**
35–49	1.61(1.41–1.81)**
Religion
Catholic^a	1.00
Anglican	1.18(1.06–1.33)**
Muslim	0.94(0.80–1.10)
Other	0.93(0.81–1.08)
Level of educational attainment
No education^a	1.00
Primary	1.54(1.32–1.81)**
Secondary/Higher	1.85(1.55–2.20)**
Wealth index
Poor^a	1.00
Middle	1.48(1.30–1.69)**
Rich	1.78(1.58–2.00)**
Working status
Not working^a	1.00
currently working	1.27(1.13–1.43)**
Spousal age difference
0–4^a	1.00
5–9	1.15(1.04–1.28)**
≥ 10	0.95(0.84–1.07)
Age at first birth	0.96(0.94–0.97)**
< 20^a	1.00
≥ 20	0.75(0.68–0.83)**
Parity
0–2^a	1.00
3–5	1.48(1.32–1.65)**
6+	1.42(1.26–1.60)**
Woman’s empowerment
No^a	1.00
Yes	1.02(0.91–1.15)
Media exposure to family planning messages
No^a	1.00
Yes	1.25(1.13–1.38)**
Place of residence
Urban^a	1.00
Rural	0.73(0.62–0.85)**
Region
Central^a	1.00
Eastern	0.77(0.64–0.92)**
Western	0.85(0.71–1.02)
Northern	0.50(0.41–0.61)**
Distance to health facility
Big problem^a	1.00
Not a big problem	1.26(1.14–1.39)**
Community education
Low^a	1.00
High	1.78(1.56–2.02)**
Community poverty
Low^a	1.00
High	0.54(0.47–0.61)**
Community exposure to family planning messages
Low^a	1.00
High	1.54(1.35–1.76)**
Community women working
Low^a	1.00
High	1.04(0.91–1.19)
Community mean age at first marriage	1.01(0.97–1.05)
Community mean age at sexual debut	0.97(0.92–1.03)

^a is a Reference category; OR is the unadjusted odds ratio; 95% CI is the Confidence Interval; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; the assessment was based on bivariate-multilevel logistic regression model with χ² < 0.001

ISSN: 1471-2458