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Table 2 The results of subgroup analysis

From: A meta-analysis on the risk factors adjusted association between cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 severity

Variables

Effects

NO. Of studies

Subgroup analysis

Prediction interval

Pooled ES (95% CI)

I²,Tau², P value

Sample size

 

>=1000

HR

24

1.16 (1.03-1.32)

I² = 88%, τ² = 0.0697,P < 0.01

0.66-2.04

OR

53

1.41 (1.32-1.51)

I² = 84%, τ² = 0.0694,P < 0.01

0.84-2.39

<1000

HR

41

1.63 (1.41-1.88)

I² = 64%, τ² = 0.0957,P < 0.01

0.86-3.10

OR

83

1.57 (1.40-1.77)

I² = 57%, τ² = 0.0967, P < 0.01

0.84-2.95

Age

 

>=60

HR

41

1.42 (1.25-1.61)

I² = 73%,τ² = 0.0914, P < 0.01

0.76-2.65

OR

78

1.49 (1.34-1.65)

I² = 86%, τ² = 0.1144,P < 0.01

0.75-2.95

<60

HR

23

1.18 (1.04-1.33)

I² = 81%, τ² = 0.0181,P < 0.01

0.77-1.80

OR

58

1.30 (1.19-1.42)

I² = 76%, τ² = 0.0379,P < 0.01

0.87-1.94

NR

HR

1

2.59 (1.16-5.79)

-

-

OR

2

1.75 (0.67-4.61)

I² = 88%, τ² = 0.4301,P < 0.01

-

Male (%)

 

>=50

HR

44

1.41 (1.23-1.60)

I² = 83%, τ² = 0.1123,P < 0.01

0.71-2.80

OR

94

1.33 (1.23-1.44)

I² = 78%, τ² = 0.0558,P < 0.01

0.83-2.14

<50

HR

21

1.25 (1.13-1.38)

I² = 55%, τ² = 0.0179,P < 0.01

0.92-1.69

OR

36

1.42 (1.27-1.58)

I² = 56%, τ² = 0.0431,P < 0.01

0.92-2.20

NA

HR

0

-

-

-

OR

8

2.25 (0.87-5.79)

I² = 98%, τ² = 1.6735,P < 0.01

0.08-65.97

Study design

 

Retrospective/case series

HR

38

1.50 (1.30-1.73)

I² = 81%, τ² = 0.1067,P < 0.01

0.76-2.96

OR

88

1.37 (1.28-1.47)

I² = 65%, τ² = 0.0269,P < 0.01

0.98-1.91

Prospective study

HR

9

1.11 (0.74-1.67)

I² = 88%, τ² = 0.2724,P < 0.01

0.28-4.39

OR

7

1.31 (0.84-2.06)

I² = 77%, τ² = 0.2451,P < 0.01

0.32-5.34

Others

HR

19

1.25 (1.12-1.39)

I² = 63%, τ² = 0.0214,P < 0.01

0.90-1.74

OR

43

1.45 (1.24-1.70)

I² = 93%, τ² = 0.1725,P < 0.01

0.62-3.42

Region

 

Europe

HR

27

1.31 (1.17-1.47)

I² = 83%,τ² = 0.0462, P < 0.01

0.83-2.08

OR

54

1.47 (1.33-1.64)

I² = 75%, τ² = 0.0725,P < 0.01

0.85-2.56

North America

HR

12

1.16 (1.02-1.33)

I² = 52%,τ² = 0.0234, P = 0.02

0.80-1.69

OR

42

1.18 (1.08-1.29)

I² = 77%, τ² = 0.0333,P < 0.01

0.81-1.72

Asia

HR

24

1.64 (1.24-2.16)

I² = 81%,τ² = 0.3015, P < 0.01

0.51-5.30

OR

37

1.55 (1.29-1.87)

I² = 68%, τ² = 0.1272,P < 0.01

0.73-3.29

Others

HR

2

2.12 (0.89-5.01)

I² = 59%, τ² = 0.2289,P = 0.12

-

OR

5

3.54(0.86-14.60)

I² = 92%, τ² = 2.2249,P < 0.01

0.02-691.66

Disease

 

CVD

HR

27

1.36 (1.15-1.61)

I² = 79%, τ² = 0.1154,P < 0.01

0.66-2.80

OR

41

1.48 (1.24-1.76)

I² = 91%, τ² = 0.1984,P < 0.01

0.59-3.70

Cardiac disease

HR

25

1.40 (1.17-1.69)

I² = 77%, τ² = 0.1141,P < 0.01

0.68-2.90

OR

38

1.43 (1.25-1.64)

I² = 84%, τ² = 0.0762,P < 0.01

0.80-2.55

HF

HR

4

1.23 (1.05-1.44)

I² = 89%, τ² = 0.0173,P < 0.01

0.63-2.39

OR

31

1.46 (1.31-1.62)

I² = 59%, τ² = 0.0290,P < 0.01

1.01-2.10

CAD

HR

9

1.48 (1.14-1.93)

I² = 70%, τ² = 0.0957,P < 0.01

0.67-3.29

OR

26

1.17 (1.02-1.35)

I² = 52%,τ² = 0.0416, P < 0.01

0.75-1.83

Others

HR

-

-

-

 

OR

2

1.63 (1.05-2.53)

I² = 33%, τ² = 0.0585,P = 0.22

-

Outcomes

 

Mortality

HR

55

1.39 (1.27-1.53)

I² = 76%, τ² = 0.0597,P < 0.01

0.85-2.30

OR

98

1.44 (1.32-1.56)

I² = 84%, τ² = 0.0840, P < 0.01

0.80-2.57

Severity

HR

7

1.06 (0.70-1.60)

I² = 88%, τ² = 0.2418,P < 0.01

0.30-3.68

OR

25

1.22 (1.03-1.43)

I² = 66%, τ² = 0.0575,P < 0.01

0.72-2.06

Disease progression

HR

3

1.65 (1.20-2.27)

I² = 0%, τ² = 0.000,P = 0.56

0.21-12.92

OR

15

1.63 (1.31-2.04)

I² = 68%, τ² = 0.0858,P < 0.01

0.84-2.39

  1. Note: ES, effect sizes; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazards ratio.