Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of effect on health, work and social activities among informal caregivers
Factor | Effect on health | Effect on work | Effect on social activities | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Care recipient’s need for care | ||||||
 Type of care provided | ||||||
  Healthcarea,b,c | ||||||
   Yes | 1.03 (0.41, 2.65) |  | 1.41 (0.62, 3.18) |  | 1.24 (0.53, 2.90) |  |
   No | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Personal care and othersb,c | ||||||
   Yes | 2.13 (0.63, 7.32) | 2.25 (0.62,8.20) | 1.55 (0.65, 3.69) |  | 1.46 (0.62, 3.41) |  |
   No | Ref | Ref | Ref |  | Ref |  |
Individual dispositional factors | ||||||
 Sex | ||||||
  Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
  Female | 3.67 (1.93,6.98) | 3.63 (1.73, 7.61)*** | 1.60 (0.98, 2.62) | 1.51 (0.95,2.40) | 2.16 (1.21,3.88) | 1.96 (1.04, 3.69)* |
 Age group (years) | ||||||
  18–34 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
  35–59 | 1.29 (0.55, 0.03) | 1.00 (0.41, 2.47) | 1.32 (0.68, 2.57) | 1.24 (0.66, 2.32) | 0.95 (0.47,1.95) | 0.84 (0.41,1.68) |
  60 and above | 1.67 (0.65, 4.28) | 0.85 (0.29, 2.46) | 1.41 (0.55, 3.57) | 1.15 (0.50, 2.64) | 1.00 (0.44, 2.28) | 0.74 (0.31,1.72) |
 Marital statusa,b,c | ||||||
  Not married | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Married | 1.09 (0.55,2.13) |  | 0.83 (0.44, 1.56) |  | 0.84 (0.46, 1.52) |  |
 Ethnicitya | ||||||
  Malay | Ref |  | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
  Non-malay | 0.96 (0.53,1.75) |  | 2.16 (1.28, 3.67) | 2.15 (1.29,3.58)** | 1.72 (0.95, 3.13) | 1.77 (0.99,3.16) |
 Education levela,b,c | ||||||
  No formal education | 1.98 (0.46, 8.53) |  | 0.93 (0.33, 2.60) |  | 1.16 (0.31, 4.29) |  |
  Primary | 1.35 (0.48,3.77) |  | 1.54 (0.62, 3.82) |  | 1.02 (0.41, 2.58) |  |
  Secondary | 1.17 (0.55,2.49) |  | 1.45 (0.65, 3.24) |  | 1.12 (0.53, 2.35) |  |
  Tertiary | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Employment statusb | ||||||
  No | 1.77 (0.99,3.19) | 0.85 (0.41, 1.75) | 1.28 (0.71, 2.32) |  | 1.46 (0.84, 2.56) | 1.12 (0.60,2.08) |
  Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref |  | Ref | Ref |
 Household income groupb,c | ||||||
  Low | 1.62 (0.58,4.48) | 2.11 (0.94, 4.74) | 1.23 (0.46, 3.30) |  | 1.57 (0.73, 3.40) |  |
  Middle | 0.88 (0.32,2.36) | 2.15 (0.95, 4.89) | 1.32 (0.51, 3.44) |  | 1.15 (0.52,2.54) |  |
  High | Ref | Ref | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Residencya | ||||||
  Urban | 0.99 (0.55,1.79) |  | 1.46 (0.87, 2.45) | 1.36 (0.81, 2.29) | 1.58 (0.87,2.89) | 1.48 (0.83,2.65) |
  Rural | Ref |  | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Received training | ||||||
  No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
  Yes | 1.93 (1.05, 3.54) | 2.10 (1.10,4.00)* | 1.84 (0.95,3.54) | 2.07 (1.10, 3.89)* | 1.84 (1.02,3.33) | 2.19 (1.22,3.93)** |
 Duration of careb | ||||||
  Less than 2 years | Ref | Ref | Ref |  | Ref | Ref |
  2 years and more | 1.87 (1.11, 3.16) | 1.91 (1.08, 3.37)* | 1.03 (0.57,1.88) |  | 1.87 (1.05,3.32) | 1.91 (0.98,3.70) |
 Intensity of care (in a week)a,b,c | ||||||
  19 h and less | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  20 h and above | 0.78 (0.42, 1.44) |  | 1.11 (0.61, 2.02) |  | 1.19 (0.65,2.19) |  |
 Self-reported illnessb,c | ||||||
  No | Ref | Ref | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Yes | 1.64 (0.89, 3.03) | 1.53 (0.84, 2.76) | 1.18 (0.61, 2.30) |  | 0.92 (0.52, 1.64) |  |
 Perceived health statusb,c | ||||||
  Very poor to fair | 1.86 (0.97, 3.59) | 1.58 (0.77, 3.27) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.73) |  | 1.29 (0.67,2.47) |  |
  Good to excellent | Ref | Ref | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Presence of DM, HPT or HPCb,c | ||||||
  No | Ref | Ref | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Yes | 2.03 (1.08, 3.8) | 1.74 (0.82, 3.70) | 1.12 (0.61, 2.06) |  | 0.92 (0.50,1.69) |  |
Contextual factors | ||||||
 Living in the same householda,b,c | ||||||
  No | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Yes | 1.09 (0.38, 3.12) |  | 0.94 (0.43,2.02) |  | 1.31 (0.46,3.72) |  |
 Had assistance | ||||||
  No | 2.12 (1.14, 3.93) | 1.74 (0.88, 3.45) | 1.99 (1.01, 3.93) | 2.02 (1.06,3.83)* | 1.87 (1.01,3.45) | 1.66 (0.92,3.00) |
  Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |