Skip to main content

Table 2 Bivariate analysis of Subjective Social Status ladder quartiles, by sociodemographic and household characteristics

From: Examining the relation between the subjective and objective social status with health reported needs and health-seeking behaviour in Dande, Angola

Variable

1st quartile

2nd quartile

3rd quartile

4th quartile

p-value

Categories

n

(%)

n

(%)

n

(%)

n

(%)

 

Place of residence

 Urban

2804

(31.6)

1647

(18.5)

2363

(26.6)

2072

(23.3)

< 0.001*

 Rural

1185

(54.1)

430

(19.6)

391

(17.9)

184

(8.4)

 

Sex

 Female

2256

(33.7)

1286

(19.2)

1684

(25.2)

1460

(21.8)

< 0.001*

 Male

1690

(39.3)

773

(18.0)

1048

(24.4)

785

(18.3)

 

Age

 Mean ± sd

40.09 ± 17.17

37.84 ± 16.16

36.93 ± 14.98

35.18 ± 13.52

< 0.001‡

Completed years of schooling

 Mean ± sd

4.44 ± 3.80

4.57 ± 3.77

5.00 ± 4.02

5.94 ± 4.32

< 0.001‡

Nr. of household rooms

 Mean ± sd

2.52 ± 1.22

2.76 ± 1.31

2.74 ± 1.36

3.26 ± 1.45

< 0.001‡

Nr. of household residents

     

 Mean ± sd

3.88 ± 2.56

4.52 ± 2.70

4.59 ± 2.68

5.36 ± 2.70

< 0.001‡

Crowding

 Not crowding

3668

(36.4)

1891

(18.7)

2455

(24.3)

2074

(20.6)

< 0.001*

 Overcrowding

321

(32.5)

186

(18.8)

299

(30.3)

182

(18.4)

 

Kitchen

 Yes

1433

(30.1)

913

(19.2)

1158

(24.3)

1257

(26.4)

< 0.001*

 No

2556

(40.5)

1164

(18.4)

1596

(25.3)

999

(15.8)

 

Latrine

 Yes

2576

(32.0)

1513

(18.8)

2073

(25.8)

1878

(23.4)

< 0.001*

 No

1413

(46.6)

564

(18.6)

681

(22.4)

377

(12.4)

 

Do household members own

 Electricity Yes

2535

(30.6)

1564

(18.9)

2158

(26.0)

2028

(24.5)

< 0.001*

 No

1451

(52.1)

511

(18.3)

596

(21.4)

228

(8.2)

 

 Generator Yes

365

(24.3)

278

(18.5)

372

(24.7)

490

(32.6)

< 0.001*

 No

3622

(37.9)

1799

(18.8)

2381

(24.9)

1766

(18.5)

 

 Radio Yes

1938

(30.6)

1155

(18.2)

1696

(26.8)

1544

(24.4)

< 0.001*

 No

2050

(43.3)

922

(19.5)

1057

(22.3)

710

(15.0)

 

 Television Yes

2305

(28.8)

1520

(19.0)

2139

(26.7)

2045

(25.5)

< 0.001*

 No

1683

(54.9)

556

(18.1)

615

(20.1)

210

(6.9)

 

 Cell phone Yes

2627

(30.5)

1605

(18.7)

2268

(26.4)

2104

(24.5)

< 0.001*

 No

1361

(55.1)

472

(19.1)

486

(19.7)

150

(6.1)

 

 Satellite dish Yes

1656

(26.1)

1189

(18.7)

1679

(26.5)

1820

(28.7)

< 0.001*

 No

2331

(49.3)

888

(18.8)

1073

(22.7)

435

(9.2)

 

 Fridge Yes

307

(19.3)

256

(16.1)

425

(26.7)

602

(37.9)

< 0.001*

 No

3681

(38.8)

1820

(19.2)

2329

(24.6)

1650

(17.4)

 

 Freezer Yes

1526

(26.2)

1136

(19.5)

1464

(25.1)

1701

(29.2)

< 0.001*

 No

2462

(47.0)

940

(17.9)

1288

(24.6)

552

(10.5)

 

 Car Yes

235

(17.1)

215

(15.7)

338

(24.6)

585

(42.6)

< 0.001*

 No

3752

(38.7)

1862

(19.2)

2416

(24.9)

1671

(17.2)

 

Drinking water source

 Improved

1901

(29.4)

1174

(18.2)

1817

(28.1)

1574

(24.3)

< 0.001*

 Unimproved

2077

(45.5)

896

(19.6)

927

(20.3)

664

(14.5)

 

Household members use to

 Watch television Yes

2517

(29.8)

1599

(18.9)

2231

(26.4)

2111

(25.0)

< 0.001*

 No

1472

(56.2)

478

(18.3)

523

(20.0)

145

(5.5)

 

 Listen to the radio Yes

1453

(30.1)

774

(16.0)

1371

(28.4)

1236

(25.6)

< 0.001*

 No

2536

(40.6)

1303

(20.9)

1383

(22.2)

1020

(16.3)

 

 Read newspaper Yes

194

(14.6)

191

(14.4)

398

(30.0)

543

(41.0)

< 0.001*

 No

3795

(38.9)

1886

(19.3)

2356

(24.2)

1713

(17.6)

 

Associative filiation

 Yes

2442

(32.3)

1314

(17.4)

1997

(26.4)

1802

(23.9)

< 0.001*

 No

1546

(43.9)

762

(21.7)

757

(21.5)

454

(12.9)

 

Distance to the health facility

  < 2 km

2469

(32.4)

1453

(19.1)

2018

(26.5)

1677

(22.0)

< 0.001*

 2–10 km

806

(36.5)

396

(17.9)

509

(23.0)

500

(22.6)

 

  > 10 km

714

(57.2)

228

(18.3

227

(18.2)

79

(6.3)

 

Household income

  < =10,000 AOA

996

(41.7)

366

(15.3)

695

(29.1)

330

(13.8)

 

 v10,001–30,000 AOA

1340

(27.9)

912

(19.0)

1304

(27.2)

1245

(25.9)

< 0.001*

  >  30,000 AOA

494

(31.1)

200

(12.6)

369

(23.2)

526

(33.1)

 

Nr. of residents with a

 fixed salary Mean ± sd

0.42 ± 0.56

0.62 ± 0.65

0.70 ± 0.68

0.93 ± 0.74

< 0.001‡

 Proportion of residents with a fixed salary Mean ± sd

0.13 ± 0.23

0.17 ± 0.24

0.19 ± 0.27

0.22 ± 0.26

< 0.001‡

Health care needs #

 Yes

1783

(32.7)

1034

(19.0)

1417

(26.0)

1218

(22.3)

< 0.001*

 No

2204

(39.2)

1042

(18.5)

1337

(23.8)

1036

(18.4)

 

 If yes, did he/she Yes

1697

(33.0)

981

(19.1)

1341

(26.1)

1127

(21.9)

0,014*

 sought for help No

86

(28.1)

53

(17.3)

76

(24.8)

91

(29.7)

 

Sought for help

 Informal sources

129

(41.3)

59

(18.9)

81

(26.0)

43

(13.8)

0.001*

 Health care services

1568

(32.4)

922

(19.1)

1260

(26.1)

1084

(22.4)

 

Bed net ownership

 Yes

1318

(37.5)

651

(18.5)

826

(23.5)

721

(20.5)

0,035*

 No

2593

(35.1)

1397

(18.9)

1898

(25.7)

1507

(20.4)

 

Nr. of bednets in the household

 Mean ± sd

1.87 ± 1.12

1.95 ± 1.06

2.12 ± 1.29

2.39 ± 1.43

< 0.001‡

Slept under a bednet ##

 Yes

1065

(39.0)

484

(17.7)

651

(23.8)

533

(19.5)

0,001*

 No

2846

(34.8)

1564

(19.1)

2073

(25.3)

1695

(20.7)

 

Season of the interview

 Rainy

1577

(33.9)

864

(18.6)

1104

(23.8)

1102

(23.7)

0,001*

 Dry

2412

(37.5)

1213

(18.9)

1650

(25.7)

1154

(17.9)

 
  1. Note: * χ2
  2. ‡ ANOVA.
  3. # Someone in the household needed health care during the previous month.
  4. ## Someone slept under a bed net during the previous night.