Skip to main content

Table 5 A multivariable linear model showing the relationships between predictor variables and boredom, anxiety and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic

From: Prevalence and changes in boredom, anxiety and well-being among Ghanaians during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based study

 

Boredom

Anxiety

WHO Well-Being

ß (Std. Err)

ß (Std. Err)

ß (Std. Err)

Sex

 Females (Ref.)

   

 Males

-1.14 (0.48) *

-0.97 (0.35) **

0.74 (0.40)

Age range

   

 18–24 (Ref.)

   

 25–34

−2.13 (1.30)

1.07 (0.84)

0.39 (0.92)

 35–44

−1.23 (1.46)

1.76 (0.94)

−0.12 (1.09)

 45–54

−2.77 (1.58)

−0.35 (1.05)

0.27 (1.26)

 55–64

−4.32 (2.03) *

0.04 (1.29)

0.49 (1.47)

 65+

−4.49 (1.81) *

−2.23 (1.33)

4.30 (1.44) **

Marital status

 Single (Ref.)

   

 Married

−0.77 (0.75)

−1.17 (0.54) *

0.87 (0.63)

Number of children

 0 (Ref.)

   

 1

0.74 (0.75)

0.45 (0.70)

−1.21 (0.78)

 2

−0.79 (0.82)

0.11 (0.64)

−0.82 (0.78)

 3

0.16 (.99)

0.96 (0.73)

−0.37 (0.84)

 4

−0.19 (1.59)

0.34 (0.99)

−1.48 (1.04)

 More than 4

0.72 (1.20)

2.20 (1.20)

−4.28 (1.35) **

Education

 Secondary & lower (Ref)

   

 Post-Secondary

−0.43 (1.38)

1.23 (0.79)

−3.59 (1.06) ***

 Bachelor’s

0.27 (1.36)

0.55 (0.77)

−3.14 (1.04) **

 Master’s

0.29 (1.36)

1.30 (0.81)

−3.12 (1.07) **

 Doctorate

−0.67 (1.46)

0.49 (0.93)

−3.24 (0.18) *

Employment Status

 Unemployed (Ref.)

   

 Employed

−0.59 (0.86)

0.20 (0.66)

0.14 (0.69)

Socio-Economic Status

 Low income (Ref.)

   

 Lower Middle income

−0.26 (0.84)

0.22 (0.57)

0.54 (0.64)

 High income

−1.39 (1.73)

0.02 (0.79)

4.92 (1.45) *

 Higher Middle income

0.60 (0.96)

−0.11 (1.15)

1.36 (0.77)

COVID-19 infection with household member

 No (Ref.)

   

 Not sure

1.19 (1.05)

1.35 (0.0.79)

−0.72 (0.75)

 Yes

1.41 (1.38)

−0.12 (1.15)

0.86 (0.92)

Boredom before COVID-19

0.89 (0.03) ***

  

Anxiety before COVID-19

 

0.59 (0.04) ***

−0.25 (0.04) ***

Concern about COVID-19

 Not to somewhat concern (Ref)

   

 Moderately concerned

 

0.51 (0.69)

0.65 (0.86)

 Extremely concerned

 

1.24 (0.57) *

−1.53 (0.69)

Existing Medical Condition

 No condition (Ref.)

   

 Not sure

1.78 (1.09)

0.91 (0.39)

−0.85 (0.58)

 Have a medical condition

1.76 (0.80) ***

1.83 (0.65) **

−1.53 (0.58) **

Root MSE

6.52

4.81

5.42

Adjusted R-Squared

0.59

0.31

0.11

  1. ß Beta Coefficient, Std Err Robust Standard Error, WHO World Health Organization, Root MSE the root mean squared error is the sd of the regression. The closer to zero better the fit. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001