Table 5 Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for associations of instant coffee consumption with incident chronic liver disease, incident chronic liver disease or steatosis, death from chronic liver disease and incident hepatocellular carcinoma

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

1.12 (0.95–1.32)

1.02 (0.87–1.21)

1.03 (0.87–1.23)

1.04 (0.86–1.27)

 1 cup/d

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

0.84 (0.75–0.95)

0.91 (0.80–1.02)

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

 2 cups/d

0.93 (0.83–1.05)

0.84 (0.75–0.95)

0.88 (0.78–0.99)

0.87 (0.76–1.00)

 3 cups/d

0.81 (0.70–0.93)

0.73 (0.63–0.84)

0.75 (0.64–0.86)

0.79 (0.67–0.92)

 4 cups/d

0.80 (0.68–0.94)

0.73 (0.62–0.86)

0.71 (0.60–0.84)

0.73 (0.61–0.88)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.88 (0.77–1.01)

0.84 (0.73–0.96)

0.71 (0.62–0.82)

0.74 (0.63–0.87)

 Any amount

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

0.83 (0.76–0.89)

0.82 (0.76–0.90)

0.85 (0.77–0.93)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

0.83 (0.74–0.93)

0.82 (0.73–0.93)

0.84 (0.73–0.96)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

1.01 (0.87–1.16)

0.94 (0.82–1.08)

0.98 (0.84–1.13)

1.00 (0.84–1.18)

 1 cup/d

0.93 (0.84–1.02)

0.85 (0.78–0.94)

0.95 (0.86–1.05)

0.97 (0.87–1.08)

 2 cups/d

0.90 (0.82–0.99)

0.83 (0.75–0.92)

0.90 (0.81–1.00)

0.88 (0.78–0.98)

 3 cups/d

0.79 (0.70–0.88)

0.73 (0.65–0.82)

0.76 (0.67–0.86)

0.78 (0.68–0.89)

 4 cups/d

0.78 (0.69–0.89)

0.73 (0.64–0.84)

0.73 (0.63–0.83)

0.72 (0.62–0.84)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.92 (0.82–1.02)

0.88 (0.79–0.98)

0.77 (0.68–0.86)

0.76 (0.67–0.87)

 Any amount

0.89 (0.83–0.95)

0.83 (0.77–0.88)

0.85 (0.79–0.91)

0.85 (0.79–0.92)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.88 (0.81–0.97)

0.83 (0.76–0.91)

0.84 (0.76–0.93)

0.84 (0.75–0.94)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

1.16 (0.55–2.47)

0.96 (0.45–2.04)

0.88 (0.40–1.98)

0.61 (0.22–1.74)

 1 cup/d

0.84 (0.48–1.47)

0.67 (0.38–1.17)

0.64 (0.35–1.16)

0.62 (0.32–1.20)

 2 cups/d

1.44 (0.89–2.31)

1.15 (0.72–1.86)

1.10 (0.67–1.81)

1.26 (0.74–2.14)

 3 cups/d

1.15 (0.65–2.03)

0.94 (0.53–1.66)

0.92 (0.51–1.65)

1.08 (0.58–2.00)

 4 cups/d

0.88 (0.43–1.81)

0.74 (0.36–1.52)

0.70 (0.34–1.44)

0.67 (0.29–1.51)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.83 (0.44–1.57)

0.74 (0.39–1.40)

0.66 (0.34–1.26)

0.56 (0.26–1.21)

 Any amount

1.06 (0.74–1.51)

0.87 (0.61–1.25)

0.82 (0.56–1.20)

0.83 (0.55–1.27)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.94 (0.59–1.49)

0.77 (0.49–1.22)

0.74 (0.45–1.21)

0.75 (0.43–1.30)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.99 (0.57–1.71)

0.85 (0.50–1.47)

0.84 (0.47–1.47)

0.75 (0.40–1.40)

 1 cup/d

0.85 (0.59–1.24)

0.74 (0.51–1.08)

0.76 (0.51–1.12)

0.82 (0.55–1.22)

 2 cups/d

0.91 (0.63–1.32)

0.78 (0.54–1.13)

0.74 (0.51–1.10)

0.81 (0.54–1.20)

 3 cups/d

0.71 (0.45–1.13)

0.61 (0.38–0.97)

0.58 (0.36–0.93)

0.62 (0.38–1.02)

 4 cups/d

0.36 (0.17–0.73)

0.30 (0.15–0.62)

0.27 (0.13–0.56)

0.32 (0.16–0.67)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.56 (0.34–0.93)

0.48 (0.29–0.80)

0.38 (0.23–0.63)

0.34 (0.19–0.61)

 Any amount

0.75 (0.58–0.97)

0.64 (0.49–0.83)

0.59 (0.45–0.77)

0.62 (0.47–0.83)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.81 (0.59–1.13)

0.69 (0.50–0.96)

0.66 (0.47–0.93)

0.69 (0.48–0.99)