Table 4 Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for associations of decaffeinated coffee consumption with incident chronic liver disease, incident chronic liver disease or steatosis, death from chronic liver disease and incident hepatocellular carcinoma

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.85 (0.64–1.13)

0.83 (0.62–1.10)

0.90 (0.66–1.23)

0.85 (0.59–1.23)

 1 cup/d

0.75 (0.63–0.91)

0.70 (0.58–0.85)

0.81 (0.67–0.98)

0.82 (0.66–1.02)

 2 cups/d

0.78 (0.64–0.95)

0.72 (0.59–0.87)

0.81 (0.66–0.99)

0.83 (0.66–1.04)

 3 cups/d

0.74 (0.58–0.94)

0.68 (0.53–0.87)

0.71 (0.55–0.91)

0.76 (0.58–1.01)

 4 cups/d

0.80 (0.61–1.05)

0.74 (0.57–0.98)

0.81 (0.61–1.06)

0.85 (0.62–1.15)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.75 (0.58–0.95)

0.71 (0.56–0.91)

0.72 (0.56–0.92)

0.72 (0.54–0.97)

 Any amount

0.77 (0.69–0.86)

0.72 (0.64–0.80)

0.79 (0.70–0.88)

0.80 (0.70–0.92)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.83 (0.71–0.97)

0.78 (0.67–0.91)

0.85 (0.72–1.00)

0.86 (0.72–1.04)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.79 (0.62–1.01)

0.78 (0.61–0.99)

0.93 (0.72–1.19)

0.84 (0.62–1.15)

 1 cup/d

0.75 (0.65–0.88)

0.71 (0.61–0.83)

0.82 (0.70–0.97)

0.81 (0.67–0.97)

 2 cups/d

0.80 (0.68–0.93)

0.75 (0.64–0.87)

0.87 (0.74–1.02)

0.86 (0.72–1.03)

 3 cups/d

0.75 (0.62–0.91)

0.70 (0.58–0.85)

0.77 (0.62–0.94)

0.83 (0.66–1.04)

 4 cups/d

0.79 (0.64–0.99)

0.75 (0.60–0.93)

0.82 (0.66–1.03)

0.86 (0.67–1.11)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.94 (0.78–1.12)

0.90 (0.75–1.08)

0.90 (0.75–1.08)

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

 Any amount

0.80 (0.73–0.87)

0.76 (0.69–0.83)

0.85 (0.77–0.93)

0.85 (0.76–0.95)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.84 (0.74–0.94)

0.79 (0.70–0.90)

0.88 (0.77–1.00)

0.88 (0.76–1.01)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

NA

NA

NA

NA

 1 cup/d

1.15 (0.56–2.36)

1.03 (0.50–2.12)

1.17 (0.57–2.44)

0.83 (0.32–2.14)

 2 cups/d

1.14 (0.54–2.43)

0.99 (0.47–2.11)

1.08 (0.50–2.32)

1.23 (0.54–2.80)

 3 cups/d

1.34 (0.57–3.14)

1.17 (0.50–2.75)

1.16 (0.49–2.76)

1.48 (0.61–3.55)

 4 cups/d

1.23 (0.44–3.43)

1.08 (0.39–3.02)

1.07 (0.38–2.99)

1.01 (0.31–3.30)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.46 (0.11–1.91)

0.44 (0.11–1.80)

0.39 (0.09–1.61)

0.51 (0.12–2.15)

 Any amount

1.08 (0.68–1.72)

0.96 (0.60–1.54)

0.99 (0.61–1.61)

1.01 (0.59–1.74)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

1.17 (0.66–2.07)

1.04 (0.58–1.85)

1.10 (0.60–2.00)

1.07 (0.54–2.12)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.50 (0.16–1.56)

0.52 (0.16–1.63)

0.67 (0.21–2.12)

0.82 (0.26–2.62)

 1 cup/d

0.29 (0.12–0.71)

0.29 (0.12–0.71)

0.37 (0.15–0.92)

0.18 (0.04–0.72)

 2 cups/d

0.39 (0.17–0.89)

0.37 (0.16–0.85)

0.44 (0.19–1.02)

0.37 (0.13–1.01)

 3 cups/d

0.30 (0.10–0.96)

0.29 (0.09–0.91)

0.32 (0.10–1.01)

0.39 (0.12–1.24)

 4 cups/d

0.56 (0.21–1.52)

0.53 (0.19–1.43)

0.59 (0.21–1.60)

0.55 (0.17–1.75)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.21 (0.05–0.85)

0.20 (0.05–0.83)

0.20 (0.05–0.83)

0.27 (0.07–1.09)

 Any amount

0.35 (0.22–0.56)

0.34 (0.22–0.54)

0.40 (0.25–0.64)

0.37 (0.22–0.62)

Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.30 (0.16–0.56)

0.28 (0.15–0.53)

0.34 (0.18–0.63)

0.27 (0.13–0.58)