Table 3 Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for associations of coffee consumption (all types) with incident chronic liver disease, incident chronic liver disease or steatosis, death from chronic liver disease and incident hepatocellular carcinoma, as calculated in unadjusted and multivariate analyses

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.93 (0.81–1.06)

0.88 (0.77–1.01)

0.92 (0.80–1.06)

0.90 (0.76–1.05)

 1 cup/d

0.84 (0.76–0.93)

0.78 (0.70–0.86)

0.84 (0.76–0.94)

0.87 (0.77–0.97)

 2 cups/d

0.83 (0.75–0.92)

0.76 (0.69–0.84)

0.81 (0.73–0.90)

0.80 (0.71–0.90)

 3 cups/d

0.74 (0.66–0.84)

0.68 (0.60–0.77)

0.70 (0.62–0.80)

0.73 (0.64–0.83)

 4 cups/d

0.76 (0.66–0.87)

0.70 (0.61–0.80)

0.70 (0.60–0.80)

0.71 (0.61–0.82)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.84 (0.74–0.94)

0.79 (0.71–0.89)

0.70 (0.62–0.79)

0.72 (0.63–0.83)

 Any amount

0.82 (0.76–0.88)

0.76 (0.71–0.82)

0.78 (0.72–0.84)

0.79 (0.72–0.86)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.83 (0.74–0.92)

0.77 (0.69–0.86)

0.79 (0.70–0.88)

0.79 (0.70–0.90)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.85 (0.76–0.95)

0.82 (0.73–0.92)

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

0.87 (0.76–1.00)

 1 cup/d

0.83 (0.77–0.90)

0.78 (0.72–0.85)

0.89 (0.81–0.96)

0.88 (0.80–0.97)

 2 cups/d

0.81 (0.74–0.87)

0.75 (0.69–0.82)

0.84 (0.77–0.92)

0.81 (0.74–0.89)

 3 cups/d

0.72 (0.66–0.80)

0.68 (0.61–0.75)

0.73 (0.66–0.81)

0.74 (0.66–0.83)

 4 cups/d

0.75 (0.67–0.84)

0.70 (0.63–0.78)

0.71 (0.64–0.80)

0.71 (0.62–0.81)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.91 (0.83–1.00)

0.87 (0.80–0.96)

0.79 (0.71–0.87)

0.78 (0.70–0.87)

 Any amount

0.81 (0.76–0.86)

0.77 (0.72–0.81)

0.82 (0.76–0.87)

0.80 (0.75–0.86)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.81 (0.74–0.88)

0.77 (0.71–0.84)

0.81 (0.74–0.89)

0.79 (0.71–0.88)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.69 (0.35–1.38)

0.63 (0.32–1.25)

0.63 (0.31–1.30)

0.51 (0.22–1.23)

 1 cup/d

0.83 (0.53–1.30)

0.71 (0.45–1.12)

0.75 (0.47–1.21)

0.70 (0.41–1.19)

 2 cups/d

1.07 (0.70–1.64)

0.90 (0.59–1.38)

0.91 (0.58–1.43)

1.03 (0.63–1.66)

 3 cups/d

0.99 (0.60–1.62)

0.84 (0.51–1.37)

0.87 (0.52–1.44)

1.02 (0.60–1.74)

 4 cups/d

0.90 (0.50–1.62)

0.77 (0.43–1.38)

0.76 (0.42–1.38)

0.74 (0.38–1.43)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.82 (0.47–1.42)

0.75 (0.43–1.29)

0.68 (0.39–1.19)

0.62 (0.33–1.18)

 Any amount

0.91 (0.65–1.27)

0.78 (0.56–1.10)

0.79 (0.55–1.12)

0.80 (0.54–1.19)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.83 (0.54–1.28)

0.71 (0.46–1.10)

0.73 (0.46–1.15)

0.74 (0.45–1.23)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.72 (0.46–1.14)

0.67 (0.42–1.06)

0.69 (0.43–1.10)

0.60 (0.36–1.02)

 1 cup/d

0.56 (0.40–0.79)

0.51 (0.36–0.72)

0.54 (0.38–0.76)

0.55 (0.38–0.80)

 2 cups/d

0.68 (0.49–0.95)

0.60 (0.43–0.84)

0.58 (0.41–0.81)

0.60 (0.42–0.87)

 3 cups/d

0.54 (0.36–0.82)

0.47 (0.31–0.72)

0.45 (0.30–0.69)

0.49 (0.32–0.76)

 4 cups/d

0.46 (0.28–0.78)

0.40 (0.24–0.67)

0.36 (0.21–0.61)

0.40 (0.23–0.69)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.62 (0.41–0.93)

0.54 (0.36–0.81)

0.40 (0.26–0.62)

0.39 (0.25–0.63)

 Any amount

0.60 (0.47–0.76)

0.53 (0.42–0.68)

0.50 (0.39–0.64)

0.51 (0.39–0.67)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.64 (0.47–0.87)

0.57 (0.42–0.77)

0.55 (0.40–0.76)

0.56 (0.39–0.78)