Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the 494,585 participants in the UK Biobank cohort and distribution of incident chronic liver disease, incident chronic liver disease or steatosis, death from chronic liver disease and incident hepatocellular carcinoma according to coffee consumption
Coffee (cups/d) | 0 | Half | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ≥5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 109,767 | 35,876 | 99,179 | 92,886 | 60,479 | 41,515 | 54,883 |
Median age (years) at baseline (IQR) | 56 (13) | 57 (13) | 59 (13) | 59 (13) | 58 (12) | 58 (13) | 57 (13) |
Sex (% female) | 58.3 | 55.3 | 57.2 | 54.3 | 52.4 | 50 | 47.5 |
Ethnicity (%) | |||||||
White | 89.7 | 92.7 | 93.8 | 95.7 | 96.8 | 97.4 | 97.6 |
Other ethnicity | 9.9 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
Unknown | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Median Townsend deprivation score | −1.70 | −2.15 | −2.23 | −2.32 | −2.38 | −2.35 | −2.06 |
Alcohol frequency (%) | |||||||
Never | 14.4 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 7.7 |
Special occasions only | 15.9 | 12.1 | 11.1 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 12.0 |
One to three times a month | 12.6 | 12.7 | 11.0 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 11.8 |
Once or twice a week | 24.9 | 26.6 | 27.0 | 26.1 | 25.3 | 25.8 | 25.4 |
Three or four times a week | 17.6 | 23.2 | 24.0 | 25.8 | 26.3 | 25.8 | 22.3 |
Daily or almost daily | 14.5 | 18.5 | 20.4 | 23.6 | 24.6 | 23.5 | 20.7 |
Unknown | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Mean weekly units (IQR) | 11 (24.3) | 15 (24.8) | 15.2 (23.3) | 17.5 (23.8) | 18.2 (24.2) | 18.8 (25.2) | 17.5 (27.8) |
Diabetes (%) | |||||||
Yes | 5.7 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.7 |
No | 93.9 | 94.7 | 94.8 | 95.0 | 94.8 | 94.4 | 94.0 |
Unknown | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Median BMI in kg/m2 (IQR) | 26.8 (6.1) | 26.4 (5.7) | 26.3 (5.6) | 26.5 (5.5) | 26.8 (5.5) | 27.2 (5.7) | 27.5 (5.9) |
Smoking (%) | |||||||
Never | 58.6 | 58.3 | 57.6 | 55.3 | 53.6 | 50.3 | 42.3 |
Previous | 31.3 | 33.1 | 34.8 | 35.7 | 36.2 | 36.9 | 35.9 |
Current | 9.7 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 9.9 | 12.4 | 21.3 |
Unknown | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
CLD cases (n) | |||||||
Total (%) | 927 (0.84) | 281 (0.78) | 707 (0.71) | 651 (0.70) | 380 (0.63) | 267 (0.64) | 387 (0.71) |
First 5 years excluded (%) | 449 (0.41) | 134 (0.37) | 329 (0.33) | 320 (0.34) | 185 (0.31) | 122 (0.29) | 213 (0.39) |
CLD or steatosis cases (n) | |||||||
Total (%) | 1412 (1.29) | 394 (1.10) | 1063 (1.07) | 965 (1.04) | 564 (0.93) | 400 (0.96) | 641 (1.17) |
First 5 years excluded (%) | 724 (0.66) | 198 (0.55) | 521 (0.53) | 497 (0.54) | 289 (0.48) | 197 (0.47) | 357 (0.65) |
HCC cases (n) | |||||||
Total (%) | 44 (0.04) | 10 (0.03) | 33 (0.03) | 40 (0.04) | 24 (0.04) | 15 (0.04) | 18 (0.03) |
First 5 years excluded (%) | 28 (0.03) | 1 (< 0.01) | 3 (< 0.01) | 3 (< 0.01) | 1 (< 0.01) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (0.01) |
CLD deaths(n) | |||||||
Total (%) | 97 (0.09) | 23 (0.06) | 49 (0.05) | 56 (0.06) | 29 (0.05) | 17 (0.04) | 30 (0.05) |
First 5 years excluded (%) | 59 (0.05) | 12 (0.03) | 30 (0.03) | 41 (0.04) | 20 (0.03) | 9 (0.02) | 21 (0.04) |