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Table 3 Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis for weight status and its associated factors among adolescents (n = 627)

From: The association of sleep problem, dietary habits and physical activity with weight status of adolescents in Nepal

 

Model-I

Model-II

Model-III

Model-IV

Study variables

Underweight

Overweight/obese

Underweight

Overweight/obese

Underweight

Overweight/obese

Underweight

Overweight/obese

 

RRR(95% CI)

RRR(95% CI)

RRR(95% CI)

RRR(95% CI)

RRR(95% CI)

RRR(95% CI)

RRR(95% CI)

RRR(95% CI)

Sleep characteristics

 Sleep problem

  No sleep problem

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  Sleep problem

0.96 (0.42–2.10)

6.90 (4.49–10.60)***

    

1.29 (0.52–3.21)

13.37 (7.14–25.05)***

 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

  No

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  Yes

1.31 (0.43–3.97)

3.02 (1.58–5.75)**

    

1.83 (0.52–6.44)

3.21 (1.31–7.86)*

 Adolescents dietary habit in past 30 days

 Went hungry

  Never

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  Rarely/sometimes

2.70 (1.43–5.08)**

1.02 (0.66–1.58)

    

2.56 (1.27–5.16)**

0.86 (0.48–1.53)

 Consumed fruits

  Never

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  ≥ 1 times/day

2.01 (1.08–3.71)*

1.38 (0.90–2.09)

    

1.94 (0.98–3.83)

1.32 (0.78–2.26)

 Consumed vegetables

  ≤ 1 time/day

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  > 2 times/day

0.78 (0.39–1.54)

1.14 (0.71–1.84)

    

0.68 (0.31–1.48)

1.27 (0.68–2.36)

 Consumed soft drinks

  < 1 time/day

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  ≥ 1 times/day

0.27 (0.13–0.54)***

5.12 (3.13–8.36)***

    

0.27 (0.12–0.61)**

5.44 (2.93–10.10)***

 Consumed high fat food

  ≤ 1 time/day

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  ≥ 2 times/day

1.01 (0.52–1.91)

2.23 (1.46–3.41)***

    

1.12 (0.48–2.65)

2.17 (1.18–3.99)*

 Consumed fast food

  Daily

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  2–3 days

0.29 (0.13–0.66)**

1.06 (0.49–2.27)

    

0.62 (0.23–1.69)

1.08 (0.40–2.92)

  ≥ 4 days

0.23 (0.09–0.55)**

1.59 (0.74–3.44)

    

0.45 (0.15–1.31)

1.25 (0.46–3.39)

 Consumed junk food

  No

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

  Yes

1.95 (0.98–3.90)

3.79 (2.08–6.70)***

    

1.89 (0.87–4.09)

5.71 (2.55–12.82)***

 Consumed food groups (10 food groups)

  < 5 food groups

2.86 (1.54–5.33)**

1.24 (0.81–1.90)

    

0.27 (0.13–0.57)**

0.55 (0.31–0.97)*

  ≥ 5 food groups

Ref

Ref

    

Ref

Ref

Adolescents characteristics

 Age (years)

  12–13

  

Ref

Ref

  

Ref

Ref

  14–16

  

1.22 (0.51–2.91)

0.34 (0.22–0.52)***

  

1.26 (0.48–3.34)

0.29 (0.16–0.52)***

 Sex

  Female

        

  Male

  

Ref

Ref

  

–

–

 Type of school

  

1.05 (0.57–1.93)

0.96 (0.65–1.43)

  

–

–

  Public

        

  Private

  

Ref

Ref

  

–

–

   

0.69 (0.36–1.31)

1.50 (0.95–2.37)

  

–

–

Parents characteristics

 Ethnicity

  Brahmin/Chhetri

  

Ref

Ref

  

Ref

Ref

  Terai Madhesi castes

  

1.37 (0.41–4.55)

1.33 (0.70–2.54)

  

1.32 (0.33–5.25)

2.81 (1.19–6.64)*

  Dalit and minorities

  

6.20 (2.89–13.29)***

0.86 (0.43–1.71)

  

5.61 (2.12–14.82)***

1.13 (0.44–2.90)

  Janajati

  

1.13 (0.51–2.49)

0.72 (0.45–1.13)

  

1.07 (0.41–2.74)

1.14 (0.56–2.34)

 Family type

  Nuclear

  

Ref

Ref

  

–

–

  Joint

  

1.17 (0.63–2.18)

1.15 (0.77–1.71)

  

–

–

 Mothers education

  Below high school (≤ 10 class)

  

Ref

Ref

  

–

–

  High class (10 + 2)

  

1.22 (0.55–2.70)

0.76 (0.44–1.31)

  

–

–

  University education

  

1.49 (0.51–4.37)

0.75 (0.37–1.53)

  

–

 

 Fathers education

  Below high school (≤ 10 class)

  

Ref

Ref

  

–

–

  High class (10 + 2)

  

1.95 (0.69–5.56)

0.69 (0.35–1.35)

  

–

–

  University education

  

1.38 (0.44–4.27)

0.75 (0.37–1.52)

  

–

–

 Mothers occupation

  Unemployed

  

Ref

Ref

  

–

–

  Employed

  

0.87 (0.42–1.76)

0.92 (0.58–1.48)

  

–

–

 Fathers occupation

  Unemployed

  

Ref

Ref

  

Ref

Ref

  Employed

  

0.48 (0.21–1.09)

2.13 (1.15–3.93)*

  

1.03 (0.49–2.18)

2.04 (1.04–3.98)*

 Monthly income (NRs)(1USD = 110NRs)

  < 15,000

  

Ref

Ref

  

–

–

  15,000–30,000

  

0.63 (0.27–1.46)

0.69 (0.39–1.21)

  

–

–

  30,000–45,000

  

1.32 (0.49–3.59)

0.74 (0.39–1.43)

  

–

–

  > 45,000

  

0.91 (0.32–2.62)

0.71 (0.36–1.38)

  

–

–

Adolescents physical activity

 Physical active

  Not active

    

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Active

    

0.35 (0.15–0.78)*

0.66 (0.38–0.95)*

0.34 (0.14–0.80)*

0.64 (0.36–1.12)

 Walking or ride bicycle

  None

    

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  1–3 days/week

    

0.95 (0.39–2.34)

2.76 (1.53–4.95)**

0.81 (0.30–2.14)

4.33 (2.01–9.28)***

  ≥ 4 days/week

    

0.57 (0.25–1.30)

2.17 (1.31–3.61)**

0.66 (0.28–1.55)

1.86 (1.01–3.42)*

 Physical education/ training

  None

    

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  1–3 days/week

    

0.27 (0.09–0.81)*

0.65 (0.37–1.14)

0.25 (0.08–0.80)*

0.50 (0.24–1.03)

  ≥ 4 days/week

    

0.40 (0.18–0.88)*

0.26 (0.14–0.48)***

0.48 (0.21–1.09)

0.24 (0.11–0.50)

 Sedentary behavior

  < 1 h/day

    

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  1–2 h/day

    

0.51 (0.19–1.33)

0.77 (0.36–1.64)

0.43 (0.16–1.16)

0.86 (0.35–2.08)

  3–4 h/day

    

0.40 (0.16–0.97)

0.84 (0.41–1.72)

0.30 (0.11–.0.80)*

0.69 (0.29–1.63)

  5–6 h/day

    

0.69 (0.18–2.63)

5.71 (2.43–13.43)***

0.57 (0.14–2.31)

3.21 (1.14–9.09)*

  1. Normal BMI: base outcome in multinomial logistic regression analysis
  2. Ref: reference category for predictor variables
  3. Model-I: adjusted for sleep characteristics and dietary habit
  4. Model-II: adjusted for sleep characteristics, dietary habit and socio-demographic characteristics of parents and students
  5. Model-III: adjusted for Physical activity and socio-demographic characteristics of parents and students and all variable shown under Model-III
  6. Model- IV: adjusted for significant variables (p < 0.05) from and Model-I and Model-II, and students physical activity information and all variables shown under Model-IV
  7. RRR relative risk ratio
  8. * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, and *** < 0.001
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