Table 1 KHANDLE measures used to assess forms of capital in childhood and late adulthood

Low Financial Capital

Q: “When you were growing up, how often did you skip a meal or go hungry because there was not enough money to buy food?”

A: Ever had this experience vs. never

Q: “What was the total income (before taxes) for you and your spouse in the past year?”

Q: “Which sources of income do you or your spouse receive?”

A: Receives supplemental security income or cash assistance from state/county welfare program or help from family/friends or has household income <US$55 K.

Q: “Think about your family when you were growing up, from birth to age 16. Would you say your family during that time was pretty well off financially, about average, or poor?”

A: Poor vs. well off/about average

Q: “During your childhood, did your family mainly: rent, pay a mortgage/own a home, have other living arrangements?”

A: Parents rented vs. owned home/other living arrangements

Q: “How often do you worry about not meeting your expenses with your current income?”

A: Always/often vs. Never Sometimes AND has household income <US$75 K

Low Cultural Capital

Q: “What was the highest educational level of your (mother/father) or the (woman/man) who raised you?”

A: One or both parents had ≤8th grade education.

Q: “What is the last grade or highest level in school you completed and got credit for?”

A: ≤High School diploma/GED

Low Social Capital

Q: “During your childhood, how often was there someone in whom you could talk to, trust and confide?”

A: None/a little of the time vs. some/most/all of the time.

Q: “Is there any one special person you know that you feel very close and intimate with -- someone you share confidences and feelings with, someone you feel you can depend on?”

A: No vs. Yes