Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to social isolation level
Social Isolation | t/χ2 | p-value | Cohen’s d/ phi | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low/intermediate (N = 55,559) | High (N = 11,614) | ||||
Age, mean (SD) | 65.1 (10.3) | 70.1 (11.9) | −48.78 | < 0.001 | 0.50 (medium effect size) |
Gender (%) | 1457.93 | < 0.001 | −0.15 (small effect size) | ||
Female | 50.3 | 67.6 | |||
Male | 49.7 | 32.4 | |||
Education (%) | 1145.56 | < 0.001 | 0.13 (small effect size) | ||
Primary or less | 38.3 | 54.3 | |||
Secondary | 36.5 | 32.3 | |||
Post-secondary | 25.2 | 13.4 | |||
Income (%) | 292.93 | < 0.001 | 0.07 | ||
Low | 31.9 | 39.4 | |||
Medium | 33.1 | 28.9 | |||
High | 35.0 | 31.8 | |||
Physical health, mean (SD) | 0.04 (0.7) | −0.22 (0.7) | 38.94 | < 0.001 | 0.40 (small effect size) |
Depression (Euro-D) (%) | 1251.69 | < 0.001 | 0.14 (small effect size)* | ||
No | 73.3 | 56.9 | |||
Yes | 26.7 | 43.1 | |||
Seen/talked to medical doctor in the last 12 months, mean (SD) | 6.7 (9.2) | 7.7 (9.8) | −9.90 | < 0.001 | −0.10 |
Excessive alcohol consumption (%) | 29.55 | < 0.001 | −0.02 | ||
No | 95.8 | 96.8 | |||
Yes | 4.2 | 3.2 | |||
Ever smoked | 107.06 | < 0.001 | −0.04 | ||
No | 53.0 | 56.6 | |||
Yes | 47.0 | 43.4 | |||
Physical inactivity (%) | 922.52 | < 0.001 | 0.12 (small effect size) | ||
No | 82.8 | 70.0 | |||
Yes | 17.2 | 30.0 | |||
Not consume fruits or vegetables every day (%) | 228.47 | < 0.001 | 0.06 | ||
No | 77.9 | 71.5 | |||
Yes | 22.1 | 28.5 | |||