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Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted analyses between violent crimes exposure during pregnancy by quintiles, and birth outcomes.

From: Associations between neighborhood violence during pregnancy and birth outcomes: evidence from São Paulo’s Western Region Birth Cohort

 

Unadjusted

 

Adjusted*

 
 

OR

95%IC

p

OR

95%IC

p

Small-for-gestational-age

 Violent crimes

  1st quintile

Ref.

  2nd quintile

1.36

1.02–1.83

0.039

1.34

1.00–1.80

0.054

  3rd quintile

1.20

0.82–1.75

0.349

1.19

0.81–1.75

0.373

  4th quintile

1.12

0.84–1.50

0.418

1.11

0.84–1.50

0.449

  5th quintile

1.46

1.10–1.93

0.009

1.41

1.06–1.89

0.019

Physical violence

   

1.07

0.43–2.65

0.896

Depression

   

0.42

0.13–1.36

0.147

Diabetes

   

0.70

0.27–1.82

0.468

Hypertension

   

1.27

0.82–1.95

0.286

Smoke

   

1.83

1.32–2.55

< 0.001

Drink

   

1.43

0.99–2.05

0.055

Preterm birth

 Violent crimes

  1st quintile

Ref.

  2nd quintile

1.17

0.86–1.59

0.327

1.16

0.84–1.59

0.367

  3rd quintile

0.98

0.65–1.48

0.918

1.01

0.66–1.54

0.958

  4th quintile

1.29

0.98–1.72

0.070

1.35

1.01–1.80

0.040

  5th quintile

0.97

0.71–1.34

0.870

1.01

0.72–1.40

0.969

Physical violence

   

1.62

0.77–3.44

0.206

Depression

   

0.81

0.32–2.08

0.662

Diabetes

   

0.94

0.39–2.23

0.884

Hypertension

   

1.21

0.76–1.91

0.425

Smoke

   

2.04

1.47–2.82

<  0.001

Drink

   

1.18

0.79–1.76

0.420

Low birth weight

 Violent crimes

  1st quintile

Ref.

  2nd quintile

1.38

1.00–1.91

0.050

1.37

0.98–1.91

0.063

  3rd quintile

1.32

0.88–1.99

0.178

1.36

0.89–2.07

0.153

  4th quintile

1.48

1.10–1.99

0.010

1.50

1.11–2.05

0.009

  5th quintile

1.42

1.04–1.95

0.029

1.42

1.03–1.98

0.034

Physical violence

   

2.12

1.03–4.36

0.042

Depression

   

0.71

0.22–2.25

0.557

Diabetes

   

0.30

0.07–1.30

0.107

Hypertension

   

1.73

1.10–2.71

0.017

Smoke

   

2.89

2.07–4.03

<  0.001

Drink

   

1.14

0.77–1.69

0.522

  1. OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; All analyses used multiple imputations. Imputed data were averaged across the 50 imputed data sets using Rubin’s rule [41]. *Adjusted for maternal age, child sex (female), education, and socioeconomic status
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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