Skip to main content

Table 2 Birth outcomes and child and family characteristics before multiple imputation by external violence exposure quintile, and the association between the pooled violent crimes quintiles and birth outcomes and child and family characteristics.

From: Associations between neighborhood violence during pregnancy and birth outcomes: evidence from São Paulo’s Western Region Birth Cohort

Violent crimes quintile

Number of occurrences

1st quintile

Low: 0–1

2nd quintile

Lower-meddle: 2

3rd quintile

Middle: 3

4th quintile

Higher-middle: 4–7

5th quintile

High: 8–37

OR* (95%CI)

p

Variables

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

  

SGA (N = 5080)

 Yes

116

6.7

78

9

36

7.9

81

7.4

87

9.5

1.06 (1.00–1.14)

0.062

PT (N = 5268)

 Yes

116

6.5

68

7.5

30

6.4

94

8.3

61

6.3

1.02 (0.95–1.09)

0.594

LBW (N = 5268)

 Yes

96

5.4

66

7.3

33

7.0

88

7.7

72

7.5

1.09 (1.02–1.17)

0.014

Fetal sex (N = 5268)

 Female

898

50.2

449

49.5

246

52.1

589

51.8

469

48.7

1.00 (0.96–1.03)

0.937

Maternal age (N = 5268)

  < 20 years

381

21.3

236

26.0

93

19.7

274

24.1

239

24.8

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

0.157

 20–35 years

1191

66.6

561

61.9

327

69.5

745

65.5

626

64.9

 

Ref.

  > 35 years

216

12.1

110

12.1

52

11.0

118

10.4

99

10.3

0.96 (0.90–1.01)

0.125

Skin color (N = 5267)

 White

1080

60.4

575

63.4

286

60.7

690

60.7

593

61.5

 

Ref.

 Non-white

707

39.6

332

36.6

186

39.4

447

39.3

371

38.5

1.00 (0.96–1.03)

0.888

SES status (N = 2709)

 Low

144

16.0

92

19.0

45

18.0

135

23.7

128

24.6

1.08 (1.00–1.16)

0.045

 Lower-middle

225

25.1

126

26.0

66

27.9

150

26.4

156

30.0

 

Ref.

 Middle

126

14.0

84

17.3

40

16.9

91

16.0

79

15.2

0.98 (0.91–1.06)

0.605

 Upper-middle

213

23.7

105

21.7

48

20.3

79

15.2

104

20.0

0.91 (0.85–0.98)

0.013

 High

190

21.2

78

16.1

38

16.0

104

20.0

53

10.2

0.83 (0.80–0.89)

< 0.001

Education (N = 3256)

 Incomplete primary

154

13.2

90

16.2

44

15.8

101

14.9

109

18.9

1.07 (1.01–1.14)

0.026

 Complete secondary

934

80.0

439

79.1

216

77.7

551

81.0

452

78.5

 

Ref.

 Tertiary

79

6.8

26

4.7

18

6.5

28

4.1

15

2.6

0.83 (0.13–0.19)

< 0.001

Diabetes (N = 3246)

 Yes

36

3.1

16

2.9

6

2.2

17

2.5

16

2.8

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.500

Hypertension (N = 3249)

 Yes

130

11.2

40

7.2

21

7.6

65

9.6

51

8.9

0.95 (0.88–1.03)

0.189

Smoke in pregnancy (N = 3240)

 Yes

161

14.0

86

15.2

37

13.3

90

13.22

83

14.4

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

0.802

Drink in pregnancy (N = 3245)

 Yes

161

13.9

75

13.5

40

14.4

79

11.6

66

11.4

0.94 (0.88–1.01)

0.079

Depression (N = 3251)

 Yes

34

2.9

13

2.3

3

1.1

23

3.4

9

1.6

0.93 (0.81–1.07)

0.329

Physical violence (N = 3236)

 Yes

27

2.3

14

2.5

4

1.5

6

0.9

7

1.2

0.79 (0.66–0.95)

0.013

  1. Quintiles categorized violent crimes within a 1-km from participants’ home address; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; SGA: small for gestational age; PT preterm; LBW: low birth weight; SES: socioeconomic status. * For the variables: Maternal age, SES status and Education, the values represent relative risk-ratios (RRR)
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us