From: Urban social environment and low birth weight in 360 Latin American cities
Cities (n = 360) | Low birth weight (<  2500 g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sub-cities (n = 1321) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
Cells (n = 19,375) | PRR (95% CI) | |||
Maternal age; years | ||||
 25–29 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
  ≤ 19 | 1.21 (1.19, 1.22) | 1.21 (1.19, 1.22) | 1.21 (1.19, 1.22) | 1.21 (1.19, 1.22) |
 20–24 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) |
 30–34 | 1.11 (1.09, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.09, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.09, 1.12) | 1.10 (1.09, 1.12) |
 35+ | 1.35 (1.33, 1.36) | 1.35 (1.33, 1.36) | 1.35 (1.33, 1.36) | 1.35 (1.33, 1.36) |
Maternal education | ||||
 Completed Secondary and above | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 At least Primary; Less than completed Secondary | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
 Less than Primary | 1.12 (1.10, 1.13) | 1.12 (1.11, 1.13) | 1.12 (1.11, 1.13) | 1.12 (1.10, 1.13) |
 Sub-city educational attainment, z-score | – | 1.04 (1.03, 1.04) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.04) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.04) |
 City social environment index, z-score | – | – | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) |
 City gross domestic product, z-score |  |  | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
 City population size, z-score |  |  | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) |
Countries | ||||
 Peru | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Argentina | – | – | – | 1.37 (1.26, 1.49) |
 Brazil | – | – | – | 1.60 (1.49, 1.71) |
 Chile | – | – | – | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25) |
 Colombia | – | – | – | 1.51 (1.39, 1.64) |
 Costa Rica | – | – | – | 1.42 (1.08, 1.86) |
 Guatemala | – | – | – | 3.11 (2.59, 3.73) |
 Mexico | – | – | – | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) |
Random parameters | ||||
 City variance intercept (std. error) | 0.054 (0.005) | 0.056 (0.005) | 0.055 (0.005) | 0.018 (0.002) |
 Sub city variance intercept (std. error) | 0.007 (0.001) | 0.006 (0.001) | 0.006 (0.001) | 0.005 (0.001) |
 PCV (city) | 5.3a | + 3.7 | 1.8 | 67.3 |
 PCV (sub-city) | 12.5b | 14.3 | 0.0 | 16.7 |