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Table 3 Linear regression of associations between changes in movement behaviours and selected COVID-19 factors

From: Global effect of COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep among 3- to 5-year-old children: a longitudinal study of 14 countries

COVID-19 factors

Changes in time spent in movement behaviours

TPA

MVPA

SST

Sleep duration

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Level of restrictions

 High (Ref)

 Low

6.3 (− 185.1197.7)

52.9 (− 160.0,265.8)

27.7 (−25.2,80.7)

36.9 (−31.4105.2)

−9.7 (−50.0,30.6)

−4.6 (−60.3,51.1)

− 14.6 (− 70.1,40.9)

−10.4 (− 98.1,77.4)

 Moderate

− 17.7 (− 193.1157.7)

10.1 (− 137.0,157.2)

4.4 (− 43.9,52.7)

6.3 (− 40.8,53.3)

−18.0 (− 52.8,16.7)

− 22.5 (− 59.2,14.2)

−4.7 (− 52.4,43.0)

− 28.2 (− 83.6,27.2)

Country income level

 High-income (HIC) (Ref)

 Low/middle-income (LMIC)

44.1 (− 96.0,184.2)

78.1 (−96.7252.9)

0.7 (− 41.9,43.4)

22.6 (−33.2,78.5)

−11.5 (− 41.9,18.9)

− 10.9 (− 54.4,32.6)

21.5 (− 17.7,60.6)

21.8 (− 48.7,92.3)

Go outside during COVID-19

 No (Ref)

 Yes

7.1 (−22.6,36.9)

9.3 (−20.9,39.4)

5.5 (− 7.2,18.3)

6.0 (− 7.2,19.2)

2.0 (− 16.1,20.1)

5.8 (− 12.9,24.5)

4.1 (− 11.6,19.7)

4.1 (− 11.6,19.7)

Parent’s concern about child’s movement behaviour§

 No (Ref)

N/A

N/A

 Yes

−24.1 (− 48.2,0.06)

− 23.0 (− 47.4,1.4)

  

15.7 (1.6,19.7)

14.9 (0.2,29.6)

4.7 (−8.2,17.7)

4.3 (− 8.9,17.5)

Parent’s perceived ability to support child to have healthy movement behaviours

 No (Ref)

 Yes

−7.8 (−36.6,21.0)

−10.2 (− 39.0,18.5)

8.6 (− 3.9,21.0)

7.4 (−5.2,20.0)

−10.1 (− 27.1,6.9)

− 4.4 (− 21.8,13.1)

5.6 (− 9.2,20.4)

5.7 (− 9.1,20.4)

Presence of outdoor space within house compound

 No (Ref)

 Yes

50.9 (16.5,85.4)

54.7 (19.0,90.3)

17.1 (2.5,31.8)

16.7 (1.0,32.3)

−15.6 (− 33.9,2.8)

−16.9 (−37.6,3.8)

1.6 (− 15.6,18.7)

1.0 (− 17.0,19.0)

Number of adults living within the same household

 Two or less (Ref)

 More than two

5.3 (−18.1,28.6)

3.9 (−19.4,27.2)

−2.6 (−12.8,7.6)

−3.3 (−13.7,7.1)

1.5 (−15.3,12.3)

−0.8 (− 15.2,13.6)

−6.3 (− 18.4,5.7)

−9.4 (− 21.7,2.9)

Number of children living within the same household

 Two or less (Ref)

 More than two

22.5 (−6.6,51.6)

25.2 (−4.1,54.4)

2.5 (−10.1,15.1)

3.2 (−9.7,16.1)

−2.5 (− 19.3,14.2)

0.0 (−17.3,17.3)

−2.6 (− 17.2,12.0)

−2.6 (− 17.3,12.1)

Parent’s perceived level of stress compared to before COVID-19

 Less/about the same (Ref)

 More stressed

−11.5 (−36.4,13.5)

−1.4 (−29.6,26.8)

−4.9 (− 15.7,5.9)

− 8.4 (− 21.0,4.1)

15.0 (0.4,29.6)

8.2 (− 8.8,25.3)

−1.7 (− 14.5,11.1)

4.0 (− 10.5,18.5)

Parent’s perceived level of exhaustion compared to before COVID-19

 Less/about the same (Ref)

 More exhausted

− 10.6 (−35.2,14.0)

−5.4 (− 33.2,22.3)

3.8 (− 6.8,14.4)

8.2 (− 4.0,20.4)

13.3 (−1.2,27.8)

6.1 (− 10.5,22.7)

−12.8 (− 25.4,-0.2)

−13.3 (− 27.4,0.7)

Receiving any support from childcare centre

 No (Ref)

 Yes

− 8.2 (− 51.5,35.1)

− 8.2 (− 53.7,37.4)

− 2.0 (− 20.0,16.0)

−0.1 (− 19.4,19.1)

− 22.6 (− 45.9,0.7)

− 21.7 (− 47.5,4.1)

22.3 (1.2,43.4)

29.8 (8.1,51.6)

Using any resources to support/facilitate child’s movement behaviours at home

 No (Ref)

 Yes

2.7 (−23.2,28.5)

7.2 (− 19.0,33.5)

0.8 (− 10.3,11.9)

0.3 (− 11.2,11.8)

4.4 (− 11.0,19.9)

3.2 (− 13.0,19.5)

4.8 (− 8.9,18.6)

5.0 (− 8.9,18.9)

  1. TPA total physical activity, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, SST sedentary screen time
  2. Data are presented as unstandardized regression coefficients (95% confidence interval); bold value indicates statistically significant effect
  3. Model 1: Adjusted for age (at T2) by sex interaction, change in age (T2 relative to T1), rurality, change in parent relationship to child (person who completed the survey), childcare centre (as random effects), country sites (as random effects), parents’ highest level of education, and children who reported as sick at T2 (preventing from being active at T2)
  4. Model 2: Included all variables in Model 1 and all COVID-19 factors
  5. §Separate questions were asked for total physical activity, sitting (including screen time) and sleep, but not for MVPA