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Table 2 Changes in young children’s movement behaviours and sleep characteristics before (T1) and during COVID-19 (T2)

From: Global effect of COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep among 3- to 5-year-old children: a longitudinal study of 14 countries

 

N

T1

T2

Mean change (95% CI)†

Unadjusted

p-value

Adjusted§

p-value

Time spent in movement behaviours (min/day)

 TPA

852

200.7 (5.0)

217.8 (4.8)

16.5 (−40.0,72.9)

0.540

25.1 (−31.7,81.9)

0.361

 MVPA

847

60.6 (2.3)

55.6 (2.4)

−5.7 (−25.0,13.6)

0.528

5.6 (− 25.3,14.1)

0.552

 SST

942

105.3 (3.6)

162.0 (4.2)

57.0 (43.0,71.0)

< 0.0001

54.9 (38.6,71.2)

< 0.0001

 Total sleep duration - including nap (min)

946

664.7 (2.9)

641.2 (3.2)

−22.8 (−42.4,-3.2)

0.026

−9.2 (−28.9,10.6)

0.341

 Nap duration (min)

287

111.5 (2.0)

97.4 (2.9)

−16.6 (−31.6,-1.6)

0.034

− 18.5 (− 33.6,-3.4)

0.020

Proportion of children meeting the recommendations of WHO Global guidelines (%)

 TPA

852

53.1 (2.0)

60.1 (1.7)

1.45 (0.56,3.72)

0.441

1.48 (0.56,3.87)

0.426

 MVPA

847

50.8 (1.8)

48.7 (1.9)

0.82 (0.41,1.65)

0.577

0.83 (0.39,1.76)

0.633

 SST

942

48.0 (1.8)

24.9 (1.7)

0.28 (0.17,0.46)

< 0.0001

0.31 (0.18,0.55)

< 0.0001

 Sleep

946

84.2 (1.5)

79.3 (1.6)

0.67 (0.44,1.01)

0.055

0.89 (0.57,1.41)

0.628

 All four recommendations

842

13.6 (1.4)

10.5 (1.2)

0.77 (0.40,1.48)

0.430

0.91 (0.44,1.88)

0.791

Sleep characteristics

 Bedtime (24Hr:Min)

947

21:20 (0:02)

22:01 (0:03)

0:40 (0:21,1:00)

< 0.001

0:34 (0:14,0:54)

0.003

 Wake-time (24Hr:Min)

946

7:09 (0:02)

8:09 (0:03)

1:00 (0:37,1:23)

< 0.0005

0:59 (0:34,1:23)

< 0.0005

 Poor sleep quality (%)

924

5.4 (1.0)

6.0 (0.9)

0.50 (0.19,1.29)

0.152

0.57 (0.21,1.54)

0.267

Use screen devices 2 h before bed (%)

922

72.5 (1.7)

65.0 (2.0)

0.66 (0.37,1.18)

0.165

0.76 (0.42,1.41)

0.388

Outdoor time

 Time spent outdoors on weekdays (min/day)

934

180.7 (4.6)

105.7 (3.7)

−75.7 (−141.6,-9.8)

0.028

−80.9 (−147.6,-14.1)

0.021

 Time spent outdoors on weekends (min/day)

941

213.4 (5.0)

115.6 (4.0)

− 98.3 (− 160.3,-36.4)

0.004

−104.7 (− 166.7,-42.6)

0.003

  1. TPA total physical activity, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, SST sedentary screen time
  2. Data are presented as mean (standard error) for continuous variables or percentage (standard error) for categorical variables. Bold value indicates statistically significant effect (p < 0.05)
  3. †Mean change effects are presented in min/day format for continuous variables or odds ratio for categorical variables.
  4. §Adjusted for age by sex interaction, rurality, change in parent relationship to child (person who completed the survey), childcare centre (as random effects), country sites (as random effects), and parents’ highest level of education.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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