Table 4 Elasticities, concentration indices, and contributions of determinants to wealth-related inequality for full immunization status in India in 2005–06 and 2015–16
Determinants of full immunization | 2005–06 | 2015–16 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elasticity | Concentration Index | Contribution | Percent contribution | Elasticity | Concentration Index | Contribution | Percent Contribution | |
Gender: Female | −0.05* | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.56% | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.11% |
Birth order (ref: First) | – | – | – | 2.83% | – | – | – | 1.93% |
Second | 0.11 | −0.08 | − 0.01 | −0.24% | 0.08* | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.62% |
Third | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.19% | −0.08*** | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.90% |
Fourth | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10% | −0.08*** | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.52% |
Fifth or greater | −0.21** | −0.05 | 0.01 | 2.78% | −0.11*** | −0.01 | 0.00 | 1.13% |
Religion (ref: Hindu) | – | – | – | −0.08% | – | – | – | −0.15% |
Muslim | 0.01*** | −0.04 | 0.00 | −0.08% | 0.02*** | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.29% |
Other | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | > 0.01% | 0.04*** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14% |
Caste (ref: general) | – | – | – | 2.67% | – | – | – | 0.01% |
SC/ST | −0.29 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 2.70% | −0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.31% |
OBC | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.00 | −0.02% | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.32% |
Wealth quintile (ref: Poorest) | – | – | – | 6.78% | – | – | – | 10.62% |
Poorer | −0.25 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −1.96% | −0.25*** | 0.02 | 0.00 | −3.35% |
Middle | 0.11*** | 0.05 | 0.01 | 1.38% | 0.10*** | 0.02 | 0.00 | 1.28% |
Richer | 0.34** | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2.90% | 0.38*** | 0.02 | 0.01 | 6.12% |
Richest | 0.53*** | 0.03 | 0.02 | 4.45% | 0.51*** | 0.02 | 0.01 | 6.57% |
Maternal education (ref: no education) | – | – | – | 9.03% | – | – | – | 7.30% |
Incomplete primary | −0.03*** | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.13% | −0.07*** | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.42% |
Complete primary | 0.00*** | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01% | −0.04*** | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.21% |
Incomplete secondary | 0.35*** | 0.08 | 0.03 | 8.20% | 0.14*** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 4.50% |
Complete secondary | 0.10*** | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.25% | 0.13*** | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.02% |
Higher | 0.17*** | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.70% | 0.27*** | 0.01 | 0.00 | 2.41% |
Antenatal care (ref: no visits) | – | – | – | 13.08% | – | – | – | 38.46% |
Insufficient (i.e., < four visits) | −0.18*** | 0.24 | −0.04 | −12.01% | −0.16*** | 0.08 | −0.01 | −9.99% |
Sufficient (i.e., ≥ four visits) | 0.51*** | 0.18 | 0.09 | 25.09% | 0.38*** | 0.16 | 0.06 | 48.45% |
Geographic setting: Rural | −0.49 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −3.97% | − 0.50*** | 0.05 | − 0.02 | −18.41% |
Difficulty reaching a health facility (ref: no problem) | – | – | – | 4.95% | – | – | – | 8.45% |
Not a big problem | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.12% | −0.04** | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.44% |
Big problem | −0.35* | −0.05 | 0.02 | 4.83% | −0.29*** | −0.04 | 0.01 | 8.01% |
Region (ref: Central) | – | – | – | −5.15% | – | – | – | −14.32% |
East | −0.22*** | 0.14 | −0.03 | −8.46% | −0.32*** | 0.06 | −0.02 | −14.53% |
North | 0.11*** | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.66% | 0.15*** | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.11% |
Northeast | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | > 0.01% | −0.03*** | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.12% |
South | 0.15*** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1.54% | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.61% |
West | 0.10*** | 0.03 | 0.00 | 1.11% | 0.11*** | −0.02 | 0.00 | −1.64% |