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Table 9 Logistic regression results Unravelling the Predictors of Catastrophic Health Expenditure

From: Assessing the household economic burden of non-communicable diseases in India: evidence from repeated cross-sectional surveys

VARIABLES

ODDS RATIO

2014

2017–18

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

 Demographics

  Age of household head

    > 60

Ref.

Ref.

    < 60

0.894 (0.124)

1.175 (0.151)

  Gender of household head

   Male

Ref.

Ref.

   Female

0.974 (0.172)

1.067 (0.177)

  Age composition of household members

   No children or old

Ref.

Ref.

   With children but no older people

0.723*** (0.0902)

0.960 (0.105)

   With older people but no children

1.114 (0.153)

1.076 (0.132)

   With both children and older people

0.937 (0.156)

0.848 (0.130)

   Older people only

1.589* (0.390)

0.935 (0.198)

  Household gender composition

   No men

Ref.

Ref.

   Both men and women

1.256 (0.312)

0.705 (0.151)

   Only men

1.037 (0.433)

0.684 (0.251)

  Household Size

   1–3 members

Ref.

Ref.

   4–6 members

1.082 (0.114)

0.973 (0.0945)

   7 or more members

1.252 (0.179)

0.917 (0.125)

Social-Structural Factors

 Educational status of household head

  Illiterate or without formal schooling

Ref.

Ref.

  Upto primary school

1.246* (0.156)

1.121 (0.117)

  Upto middle school

1.143 (0.139)

0.930 (0.109)

  Secondary to higher secondary

1.060 (0.130)

1.210* (0.122)

  Graduation and above

0.964 (0.161)

0.949 (0.134)

 Principal Occupation of Household

  Regular wage

Ref.

Ref.

  Self-Employed

1.111 (0.115)

0.868 (0.0819)

  Casual Labour

0.944 (0.122)

0.911 (0.102)

  Others

1.130 (0.187)

0.967 (0.148)

 Social Group

  Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes

Ref.

Ref.

  Other Backward Class

0.899 (0.0980)

0.996 (0.0928)

  Other Groups

1.065 (0.129)

1.054 (0.103)

ENABLING FACTORS

 Monthly Per Capita Expenditure Quintiles

  Poorest

Ref.

Ref.

  Poor

0.931 (0.129)

0.806* (0.103)

  Middle

0.664*** (0.0972)

0.541*** (0.0683)

  Rich

0.551*** (0.0809)

0.438*** (0.0612)

  Richest

0.420*** (0.0675)

0.245*** (0.0349)

 Living Condition Index

  Lowest

Ref.

Ref.

  Middle

1.206 (0.146)

0.935 (0.108)

  Highest

1.257* (0.157)

0.986 (0.0921)

 Whether Covered by Insurance or Pre-payment scheme

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

0.680*** (0.0628)

0.787*** (0.0633)

 Source of finance to pay for treatment

  Household income/savings

Ref.

Ref.

  Borrowings

5.002*** (0.782)

2.693*** (0.363)

  Other Sources

1.764** (0.418)

0.666*** (0.0968)

 Care-seeking choices for NCD related treatment of households

  Only Public

Ref.

Ref.

  Both Public and Private

1.977*** (0.239)

2.223*** (0.228)

  Only Private

3.249*** (0.309)

3.536*** (0.283)

NEED FACTORS

 Hospitalization episode for NCDs over past 365 days

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

0.967 (0.0697)

1.248*** (0.0719)

 Number of household members who fell ill and sought care due to NCDs

  One

Ref.

Ref.

  Two

2.027 (0.270)

1.819 (0.157)

  Three or more

3.131 (0.395)

2.886 (0.319)

 Whether member(s) of household sought inter-state hospitalization

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

1.797*** (0.313)

2.609*** (0.347)

CONTEXTUAL FACTORS

 Level of epidemiological transition (ETL) of state where household is located

  Low ETL

Ref.

Ref.

  Lower-Middle ETL

0.442*** (0.0731)

0.664** (0.113)

  Higher-middle ETL

0.653*** (0.0713)

0.669*** (0.0650)

  High ETL

0.490*** (0.0604)

0.557*** (0.0586)

 Location

  Rural

Ref.

Ref.

  Urban

0.798**(0.0769)

0.968 (0.0877)

 Constant

1.384 (0.452)

2.087 (0.664)

 Observations

26,190

37,980

  1. Standard error (S.E) in parentheses; Level of significance: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1