COVID-19 pandemic-related changes in wellness behavior among older Americans

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Changes in self-reported health variables pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 by adults ages 40–100 in the U.S

Health variable	Pandemic condition						Paired-sample t test		Effect size^b
	Pre-pandemic		Pandemic		Change		Paired-sample t test		Effect size^b
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t	Significant at α = 0.05?	d	Label
Physical activity	3.41	1.69	3.00	1.76	−0.41	1.18	34.8	Yes	0.35	Small
Food security	7.10	1.98	7.33	2.02	.023	1.32	17.4	Yes	−0.17	–
Nutrition	51.4	11.7	51.0	11.9	−0.45	6.08	7.45	Yes	0.08	–
Quality-of-life	2.91	6.34	3.34	6.33	0.43	5.04	−8.54	Yes	−0.09	–

n = 9969
^adf = 9968; 2-tailed test. All tests would also have been significant at α = 0.05
^bCohen’s d using the common interpretive categories (small, medium, large) [40]

ISSN: 1471-2458