Fig. 2

Visualization of the final two-piecewise linear mixed effects models from overall GZ / CD and voluntary GZ / CD pseudo-panel datasets. a and b visualize how close both the fitted and the crude trends of outcome mean over time are for overall GZ and CD pseudo-panel datasets, respectively. c and d visualize how close both the fitted and the crude trends of outcome mean over time are for voluntary GZ and CD pseudo-panel subsets, respectively. The dotted line represents the crude trend and the solid line the fitted trend. The vertical lines depict standard errors of the outcome means. The scattered circles are raw pseudo-panel data