Table 3 Multivariable analysis: Association between food insecurity and contact with a mental health professional

Food security

Secure

Ref

Insecure

1.32

1.07, 1.63

0.009

MDD

No

ref

Yes

4.04

3.19, 5.11

< 0.001

Age

0.99

0.98, 0.99

0.001

Gender

Male

Ref

Female

1.15

0.98, 1.35

0.073

Race/ethnicity

White

Ref

Hispanic

0.89

0.73, 1.08

0.247

Black

0.65

0.52, 0.80

< 0.001

Other

0.71

0.53, 0.94

0.016

Marital status

Married

Ref

Widowed

1.06

0.75, 1.48

0.75

Divorced/separated

1.73

1.35, 2.21

< 0.001

Never married

1.47

1.17, 1.83

0.001

Living with partner

1.12

0.88, 1.43

0.35

Education level

<High school

Ref

High school graduate

1.44

1.13, 1.83

0.004

>High school

2.16

1.73, 2.69

< 0.001

Born outside US

No

Ref

Yes

0.77

0.59, 0.99

0.041

Insurance

Private

Ref

None

0.79

0.61, 1.02

0.08

Medicare

1.36

0.90, 2.07

0.152

Public, not Medicare

2.02

1.62, 2.52

< 0.001

Smoking

Never

Ref

Current

1.67

1.34, 2.08

< 0.001

Former

1.41

1.12, 1.76

0.003

SNAP

No

Ref

Yes

1.36

1.10, 1.70

0.005

WIC

No

Ref

Yes

0.70

0.52, 0.94

0.016

Emergency food (food pantry, soup kitchen)

No

Ref

Yes

1.48

1.16, 1.88

0.002

Income-to-poverty ratio

1.04

0.97, 1.12

0.28

DM

No

Ref

Yes

0.78

0.63, 0.96

0.021

Dyslipidemia

No

Ref

Yes

0.88

0.75, 1.05

0.152

HTN

No

Ref

Yes

1.12

0.91, 1.39

0.284

Cardiovascular disease

No

Ref

Yes

1.12

0.82, 1.54

0.461