Table 2 Self-reported barriers to accessing healthcare for chronic-care patients during the COVID-19 lockdown in Rwanda (N = 220)
Variables | Bivariate analysis of the factors associated with reporting barriers to accessing healthcare during the COVID-19 lockdown | Multivariable logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with reporting at least one barrier to accessing healthcare in lockdown | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lack of access to emergency care, n (%) | Lack of access to medication, n (%) | Skipping clinical appointments, n (%) | Difficulty getting to the health facility (walking long distances, lack of transport), n (%) | At least one barrier to accessing health care reported, n (%) | Odds ratio [95% confidence interval] | p-value | |
Overall | 50 (22.7) | 44 (20.0) | 37 (16.8) | 28 (12.7) | 96 (43.6) | – | – |
Clinical program | (p = 0.239) | (p = 0.008) | (p < 0.001) | (p < 0.001) | (p = 0.001) |  | (p = 0.023) |
 HIV/AIDS | 6 (12.2) | 6 (12.2) | 2 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (20.4) | ref |  |
 Non-communicable diseases | 12 (24.0) | 13 (26.0) | 3 (6.0) | 10 (20.0) | 24 (48.0) | 3.7 [1.4–9.6] |  |
 Mental health | 9 (20.9) | 13 (30.2) | 9 (20.9) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (44.2) | 3.6 [1.3–9.9] |  |
 Pediatric Development Clinic | 14 (29.8) | 3 (6.4) | 15 (31.9) | 6 (12.8) | 23 (48.9) | 3.4 [1.2–9.1] |  |
 Oncology | 9 (29.0) | 9 (29.0) | 8 (25.8) | 11 (35.5) | 20 (64.5) | 6.5 [1.9–21.8] |  |
Estimated time (hours) from home to the health facility of usual health care | (p = 0.077) | (p = 0.465) | (p = 0.223) | (p = 0.006) | (p = 0.031) |  | (p = 0.243) |
  < 1 h | 12 (15.4) | 13 (16.7) | 9 (11.5) | 6 (7.7) | 31 (39.7) | ref |  |
 1–2 h | 24 (24.0) | 20 (20.0) | 18 (18.0) | 10 (10.0) | 39 (39.0) | 0.9 [0.4–1.7] |  |
  > 2 h | 14 (33.3) | 11 (26.2) | 10 (23.8) | 12 (28.6) | 26 (61.9) | 1.9 [0.7–4.7] |  |
District of residence | (p < 0.001) | (p = 0.001) | (p = 0.104) | (p < 0.001) | (p = 0.073) |  | (p = 0.040) |
 Kayonza | 12 (16.0) | 7 (9.3) | 11 (14.7) | 16 (21.3) | 29 (38.7) | ref |  |
 Kirehe | 33 (41.3) | 26 (32.5) | 19 (23.8) | 1 (1.3) | 43 (53.8) | 2.1 [1.0–4.4] |  |
 Burera | 5 (7.7) | 11 (16.9) | 7 (10.8) | 11 (16.9) | 24 (36.9) | 0.8 [0.4–1.9] |  |
Socio-economic status (Ubudehe category)a | (p = 0.535) | (p = 0.690) | (p = 0.506) | (p = 0.058) | (p = 0.121) |  | (p = 0.068) |
 1 | 6 (15.8) | 7 (18.4) | 8 (21.1) | 3 (7.9) | 13 (34.2) | ref |  |
 2 | 21 (25.6) | 14 (17.1) | 11 (13.4) | 8 (9.8) | 32 (39.0) | 1.3 [0.5–3.0] |  |
 3 | 22 (22.5) | 22 (22.5) | 18 (18.4) | 17 (17.4) | 50 (51.0) | 2.4 [1.0–5.9] |  |
Living with someone who could help remind the patient to take medication or accompany the patient to the health facilityb | (p = 0.437) | (p = 0.416) | (p > 0.999) | (p = 0.469) | (p = 0.624) |  | (p = 0.843) |
 No | 13 (26.5) | 12 (24.5) | 8 (16.3) | 8 (16.3) | 23 (46.9) | ref |  |
 Yes | 35 (21.0) | 31 (18.6) | 27 (16.2) | 20 (12.0) | 71 (42.5) | 1.1 [0.5–2.3] |  |