How are academic achievement and inhibitory control associated with physical fitness, soil-transmitted helminth infections, food insecurity and stunting among South African primary schoolchildren?

Gerber, Markus; Lang, Christin; Beckmann, Johanna; du Randt, Rosa; Gall, Stefanie; Seelig, Harald; Long, Kurt Z.; Ludyga, Sebastian; Müller, Ivan; Nienaber, Madeleine; Nqweniso, Siphesihle; Pühse, Uwe; Steinmann, Peter; Utzinger, Jürg; Walter, Cheryl

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10779-9

Table 4 Multiple mixed linear regression analyses, explaining Flanker task results in girls (n = 613)

From: How are academic achievement and inhibitory control associated with physical fitness, soil-transmitted helminth infections, food insecurity and stunting among South African primary schoolchildren?

Flanker task: Accuracy (congruent stimuli)	Mixed multiple linear regression
Flanker task: Accuracy (congruent stimuli)	All girls (n = 613)			After exclusion of girls who did not perform higher than chance (n = 555)
Explanatory variables	Estimate	S.E.	p-value	Estimate	S.E.	p-value
Age	0.28	0.05	0.000	0.33	0.05	0.000
BMI	0.04	0.05	0.457	0.03	0.04	0.536
Socioeconomic status	0.08	0.06	0.186	0.06	0.05	0.181
Stunting (0 = not stunted, 1 = stunted)*	0.01	0.05	0.770	0.03	0.04	0.471
Food insecurity	0.02	0.06	0.716	0.09	0.06	0.164
STH infection (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)*	−0.17	0.06	0.006	−0.17	0.09	0.047
Grip strength	0.02	0.07	0.781	−0.03	0.07	0.656
Cardiorespiratory fitness	0.14	0.04	0.000	0.12	0.05	0.013
Flanker task: Accuracy (incongruent stimuli)	Mixed multiple linear regression
	All girls (n = 613)			After exclusion of girls who did not perform higher than chance (n = 555)
Age	0.29	0.06	0.000	0.34	0.06	0.000
BMI	−0.08	0.05	0.103	−0.09	0.06	0.119
Socioeconomic status	0.01	0.04	0.871	−0.01	0.05	0.848
Stunting (0 = not stunted, 1 = stunted)*	−0.08	006	0.174	−0.02	0.05	0.636
Food insecurity	−0.02	0.05	0.697	0.02	0.05	0.685
STH infection (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)*	−0.11	0.06	0.064	−0.06	0.07	0.386
Grip strength	0.01	0.04	0.874	0.00	0.06	0.984
Cardiorespiratory fitness	0.17	0.04	0.000	0.13	0.05	0.007
Flanker task: Reaction time (congruent stimuli)	Mixed multiple linear regression
	All girls (n = 613)			After exclusion of girls who did not perform higher than chance (n = 555)
Accuracy (congruent stimuli)	−0.09	0.03	0.009	−0.09	0.04	0.021
Age	−0.42	0.05	0.000	−0.41	0.06	0.000
BMI	−0.03	0.04	0.372	−0.03	0.04	0.426
Socioeconomic status	0.09	0.04	0.030	0.08	0.05	0.071
Stunting (0 = not stunted, 1 = stunted)*	0.03	0.04	0.378	0.07	0.04	0.078
Food insecurity	−0.02	0.05	0.669	−0.03	0.05	0.605
STH infection (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)*	0.03	0.04	0.370	0.02	0.03	0.572
Grip strength	−0.08	0.05	0.131	−0.09	0.056	0.104
Cardiorespiratory fitness	−0.11	0.06	0.045	−0.12	0.06	0.040
Flanker task: Reaction time (incongruent stimuli)	Mixed multiple linear regression
	All girls (n = 613)			After exclusion of girls who did not perform higher than chance (n = 555)
Accuracy (congruent stimuli)	−0.06	0.06	0.287	−0.10	0.04	0.025
Age	−0.37	0.05	0.000	−0.37	0.05	0.000
BMI	0.00	0.04	0.914	0.00	0.04	0.987
Socioeconomic status	0.03	0.05	0.529	0.07	0.05	0.191
Stunting (0 = not stunted, 1 = stunted)*	0.03	0.04	0.396	0.08	0.04	0.052
Food insecurity	−0.05	0.05	0.268	−0.06	0.05	0.219
STH infection (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)*	0.04	0.04	0.291	0.03	0.02	0.221
Grip strength	−0.07	0.05	0.148	−0.10	0.05	0.032
Cardiorespiratory fitness	−0.10	0.05	0.034	−0.13	0.05	0.021

Notes. School class was used as a random intercept across all analyses. Being “not stunted” and being “not infected” are used as reference. STH Soil-transmitted helminths. Statistically significant associations are highlighted with bold font

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