How are academic achievement and inhibitory control associated with physical fitness, soil-transmitted helminth infections, food insecurity and stunting among South African primary schoolchildren?

Gerber, Markus; Lang, Christin; Beckmann, Johanna; du Randt, Rosa; Gall, Stefanie; Seelig, Harald; Long, Kurt Z.; Ludyga, Sebastian; Müller, Ivan; Nienaber, Madeleine; Nqweniso, Siphesihle; Pühse, Uwe; Steinmann, Peter; Utzinger, Jürg; Walter, Cheryl

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10779-9

Table 3 Multiple mixed linear regression analyses, explaining Flanker task results in boys (n = 664)

From: How are academic achievement and inhibitory control associated with physical fitness, soil-transmitted helminth infections, food insecurity and stunting among South African primary schoolchildren?

Flanker task: Accuracy (congruent stimuli)	Mixed multiple linear regression
Flanker task: Accuracy (congruent stimuli)	All boys (n = 664)			After exclusion of boys who did not perform higher than chance (n = 612)
Explanatory variables	Estimate	S.E.	p-value	Estimate	S.E.	p-value
Age	0.28	0.04	0.000	0.28	0.05	0.000
BMI	−0.08	0.04	0.054	−0.06	0.05	0.267
Socioeconomic status	0.00	0.04	0.994	0.01	0.06	0.808
Stunting (0 = not stunted, 1 = stunted)*	−0.02	0.04	0.649	−0.05	0.04	0.304
Food insecurity	−0.04	0.04	0.395	0.05	0.05	0.342
STH infection (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)*	0.01	0.02	0.497	0.02	0.03	0.643
Grip strength	0.12	0.04	0.005	0.08	0.04	0.033
Cardiorespiratory fitness	0.04	0.03	0.277	0.04	0.04	0.242
Flanker task: Accuracy (incongruent stimuli)	Mixed multiple linear regression
	All boys (n = 664)			After exclusion of boys who did not perform higher than chance (n = 612)
Age	0.20	0.06	0.001	0.29	0.05	0.000
BMI	−0.08	0.04	0.048	−0.04	0.05	0.338
Socioeconomic status	0.07	0.05	0.105	0.06	0.06	0.315
Stunting (0 = not stunted, 1 = stunted)*	0.01	0.04	0.875	−0.03	0.04	0.496
Food insecurity	−0.03	0.05	0.582	−0.02	0.06	0.705
STH infection (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)*	0.05	0.03	0.117	0.05	0.04	0.197
Grip strength	0.17	0.04	0.000	0.12	0.04	0.001
Cardiorespiratory fitness	0.05	0.05	0.302	0.04	0.05	0.350
Flanker task: Reaction time (congruent stimuli)	Mixed multiple linear regression
	All boys (n = 664)			After exclusion of boys who did not perform higher than chance (n = 612)
Accuracy (congruent stimuli)	−0.06	0.03	0.101	−0.04	0.04	0.038
Age	−0.47	0.04	0.000	−0.48	0.04	0.000
BMI	0.03	0.03	0.215	0.05	0.04	0.141
Socioeconomic status	−0.08	0.05	0.130	−0.11	0.05	0.035
Stunting (0 = not stunted, 1 = stunted)*	0.03	0.03	0.288	0.06	0.03	0.063
Food insecurity	0.02	0.05	0.641	0.03	0.06	0.631
STH infection (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)*	0.00	0.03	0.934	−0.01	0.03	0.766
Grip strength	−0.14	0.04	0.000	−0.14	0.03	0.000
Cardiorespiratory fitness	−0.05	0.04	0.210	−0.04	0.04	0.243
Flanker task: Reaction time (incongruent stimuli)	Mixed multiple linear regression
	All boys (n = 664)			After exclusion of boys who did not perform higher than chance (n = 612)
Accuracy (congruent stimuli)	0.00	0.04	0.989	−0.06	0.04	0.210
Age	−0.39	0.05	0.000	−0.42	0.04	0.000
BMI	0.04	0.04	0.277	0.03	0.04	0.447
Socioeconomic status	−0.05	0.05	0.344	−0.06	0.05	0.212
Stunting (0 = not stunted, 1 = stunted)*	0.06	0.03	0.042	0.07	0.03	0.007
Food insecurity	0.00	0.06	0.954	0.02	0.07	0.810
STH infection (0 = not infected, 1 = infected)*	0.01	0.03	0.872	−0.01	0.04	0.871
Grip strength	−0.14	0.04	0.001	−0.15	0.04	0.000
Cardiorespiratory fitness	−0.07	0.04	0.088	−0.08	0.04	0.022

Notes. School class was used as a random intercept across all analyses. * Being “not stunted” and being “not infected” are used as reference. STH Soil-transmitted helminths. Statistically significant associations are highlighted with bold font

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