A. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region of study | Language | Study design | Timeframes of study | Sample size | Age (year) | Female % | HCW% | ICU admission% | Mental health outcomes and measures used | Quality assessment | |
Liang et al. 2004# [16] | Taiwan | Chinese | Prospective cohort | During treatment, 1 month post discharge | 90 | 55.9 | 37.8% | 20.0% | NR | Anxiety: HADS Depression: HADS PTS: PTSD-RI | **/*** |
Tang et al. 2005 [17] | Mainland China | Chinese | Retrospective | During treatment | 325 | 38.3 | 67.1% | NR | NR | Any neuropsychiatric disturbances (including psychosis and delirium): Clinician assessment | */* |
Wang J et al. 2005 [18] | Mainland China | Chinese | Prospective cohort | During treatment (multiple timepoints) | 29 | 37.5 | 48% | NR | NR | General psychological distress: SCL-90 | */** |
Huang et al. 2004 [19] | Mainland China | Chinese | cross-sectional | During treatment | 218 | 81% within 31 to 41 | 79.8% | 50% | NR | Depression: SDS | */** |
Lee D et al. 2004 [20] | Hong Kong | English | Case-control | During treatment | Psychotic cases: 15; Non- psychotic control: 30 | 32.8 | 60% | NR | 6.7% | Psychosis: Clinician assessment | ***/*** |
Cheng S et al. 2004 (a) [21] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional | During treatment | 10 | 34.8 | 60% | NR | NR | Any psychiatric disorder: Clinician assessment | **/** |
Chua et al. 2004(a) [22] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional | During treatment | 79 (non-patient control:145) | 18–60 | 61.1% | 39% | NR | Stress/burnout: PSS-10 | **/** |
Wang W et al. 2005 [23] | Mainland China | English | Cross-sectional | During treatment | 103 | 82% within 20 to 50 | 59% | NR | NR | General psychological distress: SCL-90 | */* |
Hu et al. 2004 [24] | Mainland China | Chinese | Cross-sectional | During treatment | 35 (Non-patient control: 50) | 32 | 42.9% | NR | NR | General psychological distress: SCL-90 Anxiety: SAS Depression: SDS | */** |
Kwek et al. 2006 [25] | Singapore | English | Cross-sectional | 3 months post-discharge | 63 | 34.8 | 79.4% | 54% | 9.5% | Anxiety: HADS Depression: HADS PTS: IES HRQoL: SF-36 | **/*** |
Hui et al. 2005 [26] | Hong Kong | English | Prospective cohort | 3 months, 6 months and 12 months post-onset | 97 | 36.9 | 66% | NR | 32.0% | HRQoL: SF-36 | ***/*** |
Cheng S et al. 2004 (b) [27] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional | 1–2 months post discharge | 180 | 36.9 | 66.7% | 25% | 11.1% | Anxiety: BAI Depression: BDI | **/*** |
Cheng S et al. 2004(c) [28] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional | 1 month post discharge | 100 (Non-patient control: 184) | 37.1 | 66% | 18% | 9% | General psychological distress: GHQ-28 HRQoL: WHOQOL-BREF | */** |
Wu et al. 2005 [29] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional (multiple timepoints) | 1 month and 3 month post discharge | 131 | 41.8 | 56% | 11% | 11% | Anxiety: HADS Depression: HADS PTS: IES-R | **/** |
Xu et al. 2005 [30] | Mainland China | Chinese | Cross-sectional | 3 months post discharge | 114 (non-patient control: 93) | 36.9 | 54% | NR | NR | PTS: IES-R | */* |
Hong et al. 2009 [31] | Mainland China | English | Prospective cohort | Multiple timepoints from 1 to 46 months post-discharge | 70 | 38.5 | 67.1% | NR | NR | PTS: Clinician assessment by CCMD III criteria | ***/*** |
Fang et al. 2004 [32] | Mainland China | Chinese | cross-sectional | 3 months post discharge | 286 | 33.4 | 52.8% | 21.7% | NR | Anxiety: SAS Depression: SDS PTS: Clinician assessment by DSM4 criteria | **/** |
Sun et al. 2005 [33] | Mainland China | Chinese | Prospective cohort | 3 months and 12 months post discharge | 114 | 36.9 | 54% | NR | NR | PTS: Clinician assessment by DSM4 criteria | */** |
Lin et al. 2004 [34] | Mainland China | Chinese | cross-sectional | Early post discharge | 45 (Non-patient control: 45) | 33.5 | 52% | NR | NR | General psychological distress: SCL-90 | */** |
Lau H et al. 2005 [35] | Hong Kong | English | RCT | 2 weeks post discharge | 133 | 37 | 66.2% | NR | NR | HRQoL: SF-36 | */** |
Shi et al. 2011 [36] | Mainland China | Chinese | Prospective cohort | Early post discharge and 5 years post discharge | 43 (Non-patient control: 41) | 30.6 | 88% | 100% | NR | Depression: SDS Neurocognitive function | */** |
Peng C et al. 2005 [37] | Mainland China | Chinese | cross-sectional | 3 months post discharge | 117 | 36.5 | 53.8% | NR | NR | General psychological distress: SCL-90 | */* |
Cheng et al. 2006 [38] | Hong Kong | English | cross-sectional | 2 to 6 months post discharge | 57 | 38.1 | 66.7% | 38.6% | 17.5% | Anxiety: BAI Depression: BDI | **/*** |
Tansey et al. 2007 [39] | Canada | English | Prospective cohort | First year post discharge | 107 | 42 | 67% | 65% | 16% | HRQoL: SF-36 Psychiatric service utilisation | **/*** |
Lee A et al. 2007 [40] | Hong Kong | English | cross-sectional | 1 year post SARS | 96 | NR | 63.5% | 34.4% | NR | Anxiety: DASS Depression: DASS PTS: IES-10 Stress/burnout: PSS-10 | **/** |
Gao et al. 2006 [41] | Mainland China | Chinese | cross-sectional | 1 year post SARS | 61 | 25.3 | 68.7% | NR | NR | PTS: Clinician assessment by CCMD III criteria | */** |
Moldofsky et al. 2011 [42] | Canada | English | retrospective | 1–3 years post SARS | 21 | 46.3 | 90.5% | 90.50% | NR | Depression: BDI PTS: PCL-C Sleep: Polysomnography Fatigue | */** |
Lam et al. 2009 [43] | Hong Kong | English | cross-sectional | 3–4 years post SARS | 181 | 44.7 | 68.5% | 47.5% | 11.7% | Any psychiatric diagnosis: Clinician assessment by DSM4 criteria Fatigue: CFQ | ***/*** |
Hong Kong | English | Prospective cohort | 2–3 years and 10 years post SARS | 90 | 41.1 | 62.2% | 30% | 10% | Any psychiatric diagnosis: Clinician assessment by DSM4, HADS HRQoL: SF-36 | ***/*** | |
Guo et al. 2019 [47] | Mainland China | English | Prospective cohort | 12 years post SARS | 67 | 33 | 57% | NR | NR | HRQoL: SF-36 | **/** |
B. | |||||||||||
Region of study | Language | Study design | Timeframes of study | Specific population | Sample size | Age (year) | Female % | Mental health outcomes and measures used | Quality assessment | ||
Chen CS et al. 2005 [48] | Taiwan | English | Prospective cohort | During epidemic (multiple timepoints) | Nurses of SARS units | 116 | 31 | 98.3% | Anxiety: SAS Depression: SDS Sleep: PSQI | */** | |
Nickell et al. 2004 [49] | Canada | English | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 510 | NR | 81.1% | General psychological distress: GHQ-12 | */** | |
Chong et al. 2004 [50] | Taiwan | English | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 1257 | 31.8 | 81% | General psychological distress: CHQ PTS: IES | ***/*** | |
Xu et al. 2004 [51] | Mainland China | Chinese | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 89 | 30.6 | 91% | PTS: IES-R | **/** | |
Chen N et al. 2007 [52] | Taiwan | English | Prospective cohort | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 172 | 31.4 | NR | HRQoL: SF-36 | **/** | |
Chen C et al. 2005 [53] | Taiwan | English | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | Nurses of SARS hospital | 128 | 26.5 | 100% | General psychological distress: SCL-90-R PTS: IES | **/** | |
Maunder et al. 2004 [54] | Canada | English | cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS outbreak region | 1557 | 40.2 | 74.6% | PTS: IES | **/** | |
Zhang et al. 2005 [55] | Mainland China | Chinese | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | HCWs: 94; general public control: 58 | 31.5 | 72.3% | General psychological distress: SCL-90 | */* | |
Su et al. 2007 [56] | Taiwan | English | Prospective cohort | During epidemic (multiple timepoints) | Nurses of SARS hospital | 102 | 25.4 | 100% | Anxiety: STAI, clinician assessment by M.I.N.I. Depression: BDI, M.I.N.I. PTS: DTS-C, M.I.N.I. Sleep: PSQI | **/** | |
McAlonan et al. 2007 [57] | Hong Kong | English | cross-sectional (multiple timepoint) | During epidemic and 1 year after | HCWs of SARS hospital | 360 | 30–50 | 68.3% | Anxiety: DASS-21 Depression: DASS-21 PTS: IES-R Stress/burnout: PSS-10 | **/** | |
Poon et al. 2004 [58] | Hong Kong | English | cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 1926 | NR | NR | Anxiety: STAI Stress/burnout: MBI | **/** | |
Chua et al. 2004(b) [59] | Hong Kong | English | cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | HCWs:271; general public control: 342 | Most within 19–40 | 75% | Stress/burnout: PSS-10 | **/** | |
Fiksenbaum et al. 2006 [60] | Canada | English | cross-sectional | During epidemic | Nurses of SARS hospital | 333 | 43.8 | 93.6% | Stress/burnout: MBI | */* | |
Wong S 2004# [61] | Hong Kong | English | Prospective cohort (only baseline data contains measures of interest) | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 87 | NR | 57.5% | PTS: IES | */* | |
Tam et al. 2004 [62] | Hong Kong | English | cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 652 | 34.1 | 79% | General psychological distress: GHQ-12 | **/** | |
Verma et al. 2004 [63] | Singapore | English | cross-sectional | During epidemic | General practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners | 1050 | 46.6 | 39.7% | General psychological distress: GHQ-28 PTS: IES-R | **/** | |
Koh et al. 2005 [64] | Singapore | English | cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS outbreak region | 10,511 | 36.6 | 82% | PTS: IES | **/** | |
Sim et al. 2004 [65] | Singapore | English | cross-sectional | During epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 47 | Majority within 25–50 | 29.8% | General psychological distress: GHQ-28 PTS: IES | **/** | |
Styra et al. 2008 [66] | Canada | English | cross-sectional | 1–2 months post- epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 248 | 36.9 | 86% | PTS: IES-R | ***/*** | |
Tham et al. 2004 [67] | Singapore | English | cross-sectional | 6 months post-epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 96 | 31.9 | 68.8% | General psychological distress: GHQ-28 PTS: IES | **/*** | |
Lung et al. 2009 [68] | Taiwan | English | Prospective cohort | 1–9 months post epidemic, 1 year post epidemic | HCWs with direct clinical contact with SARS patients | 127 | 32.3 | 58% | General psychological distress: CHQ-12 | **/** | |
Lin et al. 2007 [69] | Taiwan | English | cross-sectional | 1 month post epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 92 | 33.8 | 91.3% | General psychological distress: CHQ-12 PTS: DTS-C | **/** | |
Chen CC et al. 2004 [70] | Taiwan | Chinese | cross-sectional | 1 month post epidemic | HCWs of SARS outbreak region | 222 | 36 | 94% | General psychological distress: BSRS | */** | |
Canada | English | cross-sectional | 1–2 years post epidemic | HCWs of SARS outbreak region | 769 (a subset of 139 for Lancee et al.) | NR | 86.9% | General psychological distress: K10 PTS: IES Any clinical psychiatric diagnoses: Clinician assessment by DSM4 Stress/burnout: MBI-EE | Maunder et al.: **/**; Lancee et al.: */** | ||
Mainland China | English | cross-sectional | 3 years post epidemic | HCWs of SARS hospital | 539 | 47.1% within 36–50 | 76.5% | Depression: CES-D PTS: IES-R Alcohol use | **/** (all three) | ||
C. | |||||||||||
Region of study | Language | Study design | Timeframes of study | Specific population | Sample size | Age (year) | Female % | Mental health outcomes and measures used | Quality assessment | ||
Yu et al. 2005 [76] | Hong Kong | English | Prospective cohort | Pre-SARS, during epidemic | Middle age women | 126 | 56.7 | 100% | Depression: CES-D Stress/burnout: PSS-10 | */** | |
Leung et al. 2005 [77] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional (multiple timepoints) | During epidemic (multiple timepoints), 6 months post SARS | General public | 4481 | NR | 57% | Anxiety: STAI-state (10 items) | ***/*** | |
Dang et al. 2004 [78] | Mainland China | Chinese | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | College students | 6280 | NR | 39.4% | Anxiety: SAS Depression: SDS | */** | |
Cheng C et al. 2005 [53] | Hong Kong | English | Prospective cohort | During epidemic (multiple timepoints) | College students | 72 | 21.1 | 57% | Anxiety: STAI | **/*** | |
Wong T et al. 2007 [79] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | College students | 763 | 22.2 | 31.6% | Anxiety: SAS | */* | |
Lee D et al. 2006 [80] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional | During epidemic (with pre-SARS data as reference) | Pregnant women | 235 | 29.6 | 100% | Anxiety: STAI Depression: BDI | **/*** | |
Chang et al. 2004 [81] | Singapore | English | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | General public | 174 | 31.0 | 55% | Anxiety: STAI Depression: CES-D | */* | |
Chan et al. 2007 [82] | Hong Kong | English | Non-controlled interventional | During epidemic | Senior citizens | 122 | NR | 63% | Anxiety: STAI | */** | |
Jin et al. 2003 [83] | Mainland China | Chinese | Non-controlled interventional | During epidemic | College students | 138 | 18–23 | NR | Anxiety: SAS | */* | |
Wang JD 2003 [84] | Mainland China | Chinese | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | Non-SARS patients to a hospital | 114 | 16–60 | 35.7% | Anxiety: SAS Depression: SDS General psychological distress: SCL-90 | */* | |
Lau J et al. 2006 [85] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | General public | 818 | 79% within 18–49 | 48.8% | PTS: IES | **/** | |
Hawryluck et al. 2004 [86] | Canada | English | Cross-sectional | During epidemic | Quarantined general public | 129 | 80% within 26–55 | NR | Depression: CES-D PTS: IES-R | **/** | |
Reynolds et al. 2008 [87] | Canada | English | Cross-sectional | Immediate post- epidemic | Quarantined general public | 1057 | 51.9 | 55.5% | PTS: IES-R | **/*** | |
Peng E et al. 2010 [37] | Taiwan | English | Cross-sectional | 4–5 months post epidemic | General public | 1278 | 41.6 | 49.7% | General psychological distress: BSRS-5 | **/*** | |
Ko et al. 2006 [88] | Taiwan | English | Cross-sectional | 1 month post epidemic | General public | 1449 | 76% within 15–50 | 49.3% | Depression: TDQ | **/** | |
Ng et al. 2006 [89] | Hong Kong | English | RCT | 2 months post epidemic | General public with chronic illness | 34 | 55.3 | 74.5 | Anxiety: BSI Depression: BSI | */* | |
Lee T et al. 2006 [80] | Hong Kong | English | Cross-sectional | 3 months post epidemic | General public | 146 | 61.1 | NR | Depression: CES-D PTS: IES-R | **/** | |
Cheung et al. 2008 [90] | Hong Kong | English | Retrospective | The year of SARS | Senior citizens | / | NR | NR | Suicide: Cause of death from death registry | **/*** | |
Tan 2019 [91] | Taiwan | English | Retrospective | The year of SARS | General public | / | NR | NR | Depression: Diagnosis from health insurance registry | */* |