|  | Change of frailty status# |  | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total subjects | Deterioration | Unchanged pre-frail or frail | Unchanged robustness | Improvement | Â | |
Variable at baseline | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 test p-value |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.004 |
 Women | 235 (42.9) | 25 (34.3) | 43 (32.3) | 109 (48.9) | 58 (48.7) |  |
 Men | 313 (57.1) | 48 (65.8) | 90 (67.7) | 114 (51.1) | 61 (51.3) |  |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  ≤ 70 years | 208 (38) | 25 (34.3) | 31 (23.3) | 110 (49.3) | 42 (35.3) |  |
 71–75 years | 140 (25.5) | 13 (17.8) | 27 (20.3) | 68 (30.5) | 32 (26.9) |  |
  > 75 years | 200 (36.5) | 35 (48.0) | 75 (56.4) | 45 (20.2) | 45 (37.8) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.874 |
 Married | 403 (73.5) | 52 (71.2) | 101 (75.9) | 162 (72.7) | 88 (73.9) |  |
 Othersa | 145 (26.5) | 21 (28.8) | 32 (24.1) | 61 (27.4) | 31 (26.1) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.012 |
 Illiterate | 50 (9.1) | 9 (12.3) | 10 (7.5) | 15 (6.7) | 16 (13.4) |  |
  ≤ 6 years | 135 (24.6) | 17 (23.3) | 45 (33.8) | 40 (17.9) | 33 (27.7) |  |
 7–12 years | 200 (36.5) | 22 (30.1) | 47 (35.3) | 92 (41.3) | 39 (32.8) |  |
  ≥ 13 years | 163 (29.7) | 25 (34.3) | 31 (23.3) | 76 (34.1) | 31 (26.1) |  |
Regular exercise |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 121 (22.2) | 13 (18.1) | 59 (44.4) | 14 (6.3) | 35 (29.7) |  |
 Yes | 424 (77.8) | 59 (81.9) | 74 (55.6) | 208 (93.7) | 83 (70.3) |  |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 No | 430 (78.6) | 59 (80.8) | 89 (67.4) | 189 (84.8) | 93 (67.4) |  |
 Yes | 41 (7.5) | 9 (12.3) | 11 (8.3) | 13 (5.8) | 8 (8.3) |  |
 Former | 76 (13.9) | 5 (6.9) | 32 (24.2) | 21 (9.4) | 18 (24.2) |  |
Drinking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.011 |
 No | 419 (76.6) | 56 (76.7) | 99 (75.0) | 169 (75.8) | 95 (79.8) |  |
 Yes | 86 (15.7) | 14 (19.2) | 14 (10.6) | 43 (19.3) | 15 (12.6) |  |
 Former | 42 (7.7) | 3 (4.1) | 19 (14.4) | 11 (4.9) | 9 (7.6) |  |
Cognitive impairment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.100 |
 No | 520 (94.9) | 70 (95.9) | 124 (93.2) | 217 (97.3) | 109 (91.6) |  |
 Yes | 28 (5.1) | 3 (4.11) | 9 (6.8) | 6 (2.7) | 10 (8.4) |  |
Disease history | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Heart disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.679 |
 No | 388 (72.4) | 52 (71.2) | 90 (70.3) | 164 (75.2) | 82 (70.1) |  |
 Yes | 148 (27.6) | 21 (28.8) | 38 (29.7) | 54 (24.8) | 35 (29.9) |  |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.037 |
 No | 263 (48.4) | 32 (43.8) | 54 (41.9) | 124 (55.9) | 53 (44.5) |  |
 Yes | 280 (51.6) | 41 (56.2) | 75 (58.1) | 98 (44.1) | 66 (55.5) |  |
Diabetes |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 442 (81.5) | 58 (79.5) | 94 (70.7) | 196 (89.5) | 94 (80.3) |  |
 Yes | 100 (18.5) | 15 (20.6) | 39 (29.3) | 23 (10.5) | 23 (19.7) |  |
Hyperlipidemia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.757 |
 No | 400 (74.8) | 55 (77.5) | 99 (76.2) | 157 (72.4) | 89 (76.1) |  |
 Yes | 135 (25.2) | 16 (22.5) | 31 (23.8) | 60 (27.7) | 28 (23.9) |  |
Frail at baseline* |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Frail | 37 (6.8) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (11.3) | 0 (0.0) | 22 (18.5) |  |
 Pre-frail | 232 (42.3) | 17 (23.3) | 118 (88.7) | 0 (0.0) | 97 (81.5) |  |
 Robust | 279 (50.9) | 56 (76.7) | 0 (0.0) | 223 (100) | 0 (0.0) |  |