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Table 5 Overview bivariate analysis results (2): Kruskal–Wallis test: differences between (categorical) groups for the General Health Questionnaire followed by Mann–Whitney U (N = 1781)

From: Meaningful activities during COVID-19 lockdown and association with mental health in Belgian adults

 

GHQ Mean

(Range; SD)

GHQ Median (inter quartile)

P-value Kruskal– Wallis

P-value Mann-Whitney Ua

Marital status

  

<.001

 

 1.Married

12.54 (0–36; 6.18)

11 (9)

 

.033 between 1 and 2

 2.Divorced

14.74 (3–32; 7.08)

15 (11)

 

<.001 between 1 and 3

 3.Alone

16.56 (1–36; 6.79)

16 (10)

 

<.001 between 1 and 5

 4.Widow

12.91 (1–23; 5.61)

13 (7)

 

<.001 between 1 and 6

 5.Living together

14.17 (0–36; 6.73)

13 (10)

 

.019 between 3 and 4

 6.Other

16.07 (2–35; 6.81)

16 (10)

 

<.001 between 3 and 5

    

.001 between 5 and 6

Educational level

  

.156

 

 Primary education

12.3 (4–20; 5.74)

10.50 (11)

  

 Secondary education

15.44 (1–35; 7.17)

14.50 (11)

  

 Higher education

14.69 (0–36; 6.71)

14 (10)

  

Employment status

  

<.001

 

 1.Student

16.67 (1–36; 6.80)

16 (9)

 

<.001 between 1 and 2

 2.Employed

13.16 (0–34; 6.25)

12 (9)

 

<.001 between 1 and 3

 3.Not employed

13.78 (1–36; 6.90)

12 (9)

  

Living condition

  

<.001

 

 1.Alone

15.19 (2–35; 7.30)

14 (11)

 

.002 between 1 and 3

 2.Alone with children

14.29 (1–29; 6.97)

15 (10)

 

.001 between 1 and 4

 3.Living together without children

13.09 (0–36; 6.23)

12 (9)

 

.025 between 1 and 5

 4.Living together with children

12.83 (0–36; 6.47)

11.5 (9)

 

.001 between 1 and 7

 5.Living in with parent(s),family

16.36 (1–36; 6.50)

16 (10)

 

.004 between 2 and 7

 6.Room alone

19.27 (5–36; 8.37)

21 (12)

 

<.001 between 3 and 5

 7.Room together

19.34 (3–35; 8.01)

22 (13)

 

.003 between 3 and 6

 8.Other

14.88 (3–34; 7.96)

13 (11)

 

<.001 between 3 and 7

    

<.001 between 4 and 5

    

.002 between 4 and 6

    

<.001 between 4 and 7

    

.005 between 5 and 7

    

.025 between 7 and 8

Region

  

.545

 

 Flanders

14.88 (0–36; 6.80)

14 (11)

  

 Wallonia

14.81 (3–34; 7.53)

14 (11)

  

 Brussels

13.68 (2–32; 6.95)

12 (10)

  

Working situation

  

.504

 

 Working from home

13.36 (0–33; 6.44)

13 (10)

  

 Work as usual

12.92 (4–30; 5.46)

11 (8)

  

 Technically unemployed

14.74 (4–34; 7.54)

13 (10)

  

 Other

14.28 (0–36; 7.58)

13 (8)

  

Health condition

  

<.001

 

 1.Healthy

14.63 (0–36; 6.66)

14 (10)

 

.011 between 1 and 2

 2.Acute ill

17.02 (2–31; 6.99)

16 (11)

 

.001 between 1 and 4

 3.Chronically ill

15.06 (3–36; 7.09)

14 (10)

 

.042 between 2 and 3

 4.Mentally ill

20.23 (2–36; 9.17)

20.50 (11)

 

.003 between 3 and 4

  1. To increase the interpretability, means as well as medians were displayed in this table. Higher scores in GHQ indicate lower mental health. aThe numbers in the last column correspond with the groups described in column 1
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