Socioeconomic, demographic and healthcare determinants of the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study of Spain

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Backward multiple linear regression models. Dependent variable: estimated cumulative prevalence

	Coefficients and variance inflation factors (VIFs)
Explanatory variables	Model 1	VIF	Model 2	VIF	Model 3	VIF	Model 4	VIF	Model 5	VIF	Model 6	VIF
Constant	−0.355		− 0.356		−0.427		−0.482*		−0.487*		−0.428*
Nursing homes beds	0.018**	4.21	0.019**	4.15	0.018***	3.85	0.016***	1.94	0.016***	1.85	0.016***	1.84
% Nursing homes >100b	0.001	4.42	0.001	4.45	0.001	3.81	0.001	2.29	0.001	2.16	0.001**	1.45
Urban population	−0.0006	3.02	−0.0006	2.79	−0.0006	2.78	−0.0006	2.77	−0.0006	2.76	−0.0007*	2.34
Aeroplane passengers	0.00001	8.19	0.00001*	7.17	0.00001**	5.62	0.00001**	3.71	0.00001***	2.14	0.00001***	1.94
Island region	−0.0201	2.18	−0.0198	2.16	−0.0208	2.03	−0.0245	1.71	−0.0247*	1.71	−0.0290**	1.48
Log GDP per capita	0.025	5.58	0.026	5.49	0.031	4.08	0.047	2.20	0.050*	2.02	0.041*	1.70
% >65y population	−0.214	2.43	−0.207	2.31	−0.205	2.30	−0.223	2.23	−0.220	2.23	−0.277*	1.85
Hospital beds	−0.0001	3.56	−0.0001	3.23	−0.0001	2.89	−0.0001	2.89	−0.0001	2.47
Log Public Health Expenditure	0.0001	8.45	0.0001	7.87	0.0001	7.80	0.00002	3.44
PM2.5 concentration	0.002	4.09	0.002	4.07	0.002	3.90
Gini Index	−5.426	4.94	−7.177	4.36
Doctors	0.00002	2.90
*Adjusted R*²	0.634		0.706		0.753		0.774		0.796		0.80
*p-value*	0.129		0.055		0.021		0.009		0.003		0.001
*Shapiro-Wilk test (p-value)*											0.416
*Durbin-Watson test*											2.083

*Significant at p < .1 level, **Significant at p < 0.05 level, and *** Significant at p < 0.01 level

ISSN: 1471-2458