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Table 2 Descriptive statistics on paid work (or self-employment), quality of life, disability, pain and psychological outcome measures by categories for length of hospital stay

From: Impacts of injury severity on long-term outcomes following motor vehicle crashes

 

Pre-Injury

Baseline post-injury

6 months

12 months

Mean (SD) or N (%)

Mean (SD) or N (%)

Mean (SD) or N (%)

Mean (SD) or N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

Paid work

 LOS < = 1 day

1011 (77.5)

 

Incomplete

581 (76.8)

 LOS 2–6 days

378 (74.6)

 

Incomplete

234 (71.1)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

143 (69.1)

 

Incomplete

71 (64.0)

p value

0.02

  

0.006

Among those in paid work pre-injury

 LOS < = 1 day

  

665 (90.6)

536 (91.3)

 LOS 2–6 days

  

245 (88.1)

216 (87.5)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

  

70 (70.7)

67 (81.7)

p value

  

< 0.0001

0.015

Full score (1) achieved on the total EQ-5D-3L summary score

 LOS < = 1 day

878 (67.4)

73 (5.6)

416 (43.4)

387 (51.1)

 LOS 2–6 days

357 (70.7)

4 (0.8)

106 (27.6)

133 (40.6)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

143 (69.1)

0 (0)

19 (13.7)

17 (14.9)

p value

0.3

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

Any pain

 LOS < = 1 day

Not available

1087 (83.4)

564 (60.3)

388 (51.2)

 LOS 2–6 days

Not available

468 (92.3)

281 (74.1)

201 (61.1)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

Not available

199 (96.1)

126 (90.0)

97 (85.1)

p value

 

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

EQ-5D-3L summary score

 LOS < = 1 day

0.93 (0.14)

0.49 (0.35)

0.81 (0.25)

0.85 (0.23)

 LOS 2–6 days

0.93 (0.14)

0.29 (0.36)

0.74 (0.27)

0.78 (0.27)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

0.92 (0.14)

0.09 (0.37)

0.61 (0.30)

0.67 (0.26)

p value

0.7

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

SF12-PCS

 LOS < = 1 day

Not available

38.0 (11.2)

48.6 (9.8)

49.9 (9.3)

 LOS 2–6 days

Not available

29.3 (9.2)

44.9 (10.7)

47.0 (11.0)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

Not available

25.1 (8.4)

37.8 (11.4)

39.6 (11.5)

p value

 

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

SF12-MCS

 LOS < = 1 day

Not available

49.2 (12.0)

51.9 (10.5)

52.9 (9.4)

 LOS 2–6 days

Not available

48.9 (11.7)

52.4 (10.5)

52.1 (10.9)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

Not available

46.7 (12.1)

48.9 (13.1)

50.2 (11.4)

p value

 

0.02

0.003

0.02

WHODAS

 LOS < = 1 day

Not available

Not available

9.9 (16.3)

8.3 (15.9)

 LOS 2–6 days

Not available

Not available

13.5 (18.7)

12.0 (18.3)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

Not available

Not available

23.7 (22.7)

23.0 (22.1)

p value

  

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

IES-R total

 LOS ≤ 1 day

Not available

3.53 (3.12)

2.18 (2.75)

1.66 (2.54)

 LOS 2–6 days

Not available

3.75 (3.10)

2.49 (2.98)

2.17 (2.79)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

Not available

4.03 (3.16)

3.57 (3.27)

3.59 (3.33)

p value

 

0.06

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

DASS-21 total

 LOS ≤1 day

Not available

12.3 (15.1)

9.6 (14.3)

7.3 (12.7)

 LOS 2–6 days

Not available

13.1 (15.1)

10.1 (14.4)

8.7 (13.0)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

Not available

14.7 (15.4)

15.1 (16.8)

14.7 (16.1)

p value

 

0.09

0.0002

< 0.0001

Perceived change / progress (−5 to + 5)

 LOS ≤ 1 day

  

3.18 (2.33)

3.58 (2.06)

 LOS 2–6 days

  

2.64 (2.30)

3.14 (2.17)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

  

1.96 (2.49)

2.22 (2.33)

p value

  

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

Numeric pain scale among those reporting any pain at each interviewa

 LOS ≤ 1 day

 

4.6 (2.3)

3.5 (2.3)

3.3 (2.2)

 LOS 2–6 days

 

5.2 (2.2)

3.7 (2.4)

3.6 (2.3)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

 

5.7 (2.2)

4.0 (2.2)

4.1 (2.2)

p value

 

< 0.0001

0.06

0.003

Pain catastrophizing scale among those reporting any pain at each interviewa

 LOS ≤ 1 day

 

15.4 (13.6)

14.4 (13.9)

13.0 (13.6)

 LOS 2–6 days

 

16.0 (14.1)

13.9 (14.6)

13.2 (13.8)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

 

19.0 (14.0)

15.1 (13.7)

16.2 (15.3)

p value

 

0.003

0.7

0.12

OMPSQ among those reporting current pain at each interview

 LOS < = 1 day

 

39.6 (17.8)

36.0 (20.6)

34.1 (21.0)

 LOS 2–6 days

 

45.4 (16.7)

38.5 (20.2)

38.2 (20.5)

 LOS ≥ 7 days

 

51.8 (15.7)

46.0 (21.2)

46.4 (20.9)

p value

 

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

  1. a26 individuals who did not report pain at baseline missed out on the questions about pain and pain catastrophizing at their 6 month follow up interview