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Table 1 Characteristics of T2DM patients without (controls) and with (cases) MetS

From: Relationship between dietary carbohydrate quality index and metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects: a case-control study from Ghana

Variables

Controls

Cases

P-value

(n = 62)

(n = 62)

Age (years

45 [17.3]

47.5 [21.0]

0.9‡

Sex, n (%)

 Male

31 (50.0)

31 (50.0)

1.0*

 female

31(50.0)

31 (50.0)

 

Education

 Non-tertiary

42 (46.2)

49 (53.8)

0.2*

 Tertiary

20 (60.6)

13 (39.4)

 

Occupation

 Farming and trading

42 (45.2)

51 (54.8)

0.1*

 Salary worker

20 (64.5)

11 (35.5)

 

Marital Status

 Single

3 (33.3)

6 (66.7)

0.4*

 Married

59 (51.3)

56 (48.7)

 

Ï€Medication use

 No

3 (42.9)

4 (57.1)

0.7*

 Yes

59 (50.4)

58 (49.6)

 

 Physical activity (MET-minutes/week)

2260.5[4504.5]

2646.0[5475.3]

0.8‡

 ¥ Asset score

22.0 [4.3]

23.0 [6.2]

0.4‡

 Duration of T2DM (years)

5.0 [6.0]

4.0 [4.0]

0.2‡

 Household size

6.0 [4.0]

6.0 [5.0]

0.1‡

 Energy intake (kcal/d)

148 1.8 ± 457.1

1756.90 ± 380.3

< 0.001**

 Fat intake (g/d)

14.1 [6.2]

13.2 [8.4]

0.4‡

 Protein intake (g/d)

40.5 [15.5]

42.6 [21.5]

0.1‡

 CHO intake (g/d)

291.50 ± 103.4

358.9 ± 88.2

< 0.001**

 Fiber intake (g/d)

20.5 [8.5]

13.6 [5.2]

< 0.001‡

 RSCTC intake

0.89 [0.20]

0.88 [0.19]

0.3‡

 WGTGR intake

0.53 [0.38]

0.20 [0.27]

< 0.001‡

 Energy adjusted glycemic index

66.6 [3.2]

67.29 [3.3]

0.02‡

 Energy adjusted glycemic load

212.9 [22.2]

220.2 [28.8]

0.050‡

 CQI

15.0 [4.0]

10.0 [4.0]

< 0.001‡

 Weight (Kg)

69.8 ± 13.1

82.7 ± 14.8

< 0.001**

 Height (cm)

162.5 [13.5]

161.1 [12.03]

0.5‡

 Body mass index (kgm− 2)

25.7 [7.4]

30.6 [7.7]

< 0.001‡

 Waist circumference (cm)

81.8 [15.05]

114.0 [18.8]

< 0.001‡

 Systolic blood Pressure (mmHg)

121.5 [6.0]

137.0 [23.5]

< 0.001‡

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.5[11.2]

85.5 [12.0]

< 0.001‡

 Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.50 ± 0.39

2.18 ± 0.40

< 0.001**

 HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.14 [0.26]

1.17 [0.25]

0.054‡

 LDL-C (mmol/l)

3.33 [1.37]

3.31 [0.87]

0.7‡

 TC (mmol/l)

5.19 [1.37]

5.54 [1.13]

0.053‡

 Ω Fasting blood sugar (mmol/l)

8.4 ± 2.5

9.0 ± 3.6

0.2**

 LDL-C/HDL-C ratio

3.15[1.12]

2.72[1.37]

0.8‡

  1. Data expressed as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation and median [interquartile range]; * P-value is for Chi-square; ** P-value is for independent t test; ‡ P-value is for Mann-Whitney test. πmetformin, glimepiride, atorvastatin, and/or amlodipine usage. Ω Retrieved from patients’ folders. ¥An ad hoc summary value was calculated from a list of household assets and room makeup. A score of 1 point was given for an item owned or room makeup includes local materials such as thatch or cow dung. As for the main source of cooking energy, drinking water and toilet facility, 1 point was given for unimproved source and 2 points awarded for improved sources. The total score range was from 37 to 74 with higher scores suggesting enhanced economic status. Kcal/d kilocalories per day; g/d: gram per day, CHO Carbohydrate, WGTGR ratio of CHO consumed from whole grains to CHO consumed from total grains, RSCTC ratio of CHO consumed from solid food items to total CHO consumed, CQI Carbohydrate quality index, HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The cases and controls were matched on sex and age groups (18–39, 40–49, and 50–59 years)