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Table 2 Demographic background and labour status by commuting status and countries of destination. (%, mean years and Euros)

From: Cross-border mobility in European countries: associations between cross-border worker status and health outcomes

 

DE

NCBWs

DE

CBWs

p1

BE

NCBWs

BE

CBWs

p1

CH

NCBWs

CH

CBWs

p1

LU

NCBWs

LU

CBWs

p1

Total

NCBWs

Total

CBWs

p1

Adjustment variables: Demographic background

 Sex: Male (%)

51

66

**

51

64

*

49

64

***

51

67

***

51

65

***

 Age (Mean years)

41

46

***

40

39

NS

41

40

NS

41

39

***

41

41

NS

 Education: Up to secondary education (%)

64

70

NS

59

71

***

65

57

***

63

66

NS

62

62

NS

 Occupational category: Blue collar (%)

28

47

**

23

55

***

27

31

NS

26

38

**

25

37

***

 Father’s occupational category: Blue collar (%)

43

49

NS

42

51

**

39

38

NS

45

51

NS

41

43

NS

 Born abroad (%)

11

26

***

6

19

***

9

18

***

9

13

**

8

18

***

 Cohabiting (%)

67

76

NS

69

72

NS

71

71

**

67

68

NS

69

71

NS

 Children (%)

49

41

NS

52

61

**

53

53

*

50

55

NS

52

53

NS

 Urban area (%)

39

18

***

51

43

**

10

6

***

42

20

***

34

14

***

Full adjustment variables: Labour status

 Permanency of the job: Permanent contract (%)

87

89

NS

85

84

NS

88

94

***

86

90

*

87

92

***

 Sector: Industry & construction (%)

24

57

***

19

47

***

27

39

***

21

34

***

23

40

***

 Number of persons working at the local unit: > = 500 workers (%)

17

33

***

17

16

*

12

22

***

14

21

***

15

22

***

 Wage (Mean €)

1817

2789

***

1808

2153

***

1791

4027

***

1835

2558

***

1814

3383

***

 Full-time/part-time employment: Full-time employment (%)

82

90

**

81

90

**

82

77

**

81

86

**

82

82

NS

 Overtime (%)

26

34

***

25

19

NS

28

31

NS

26

23

NS

26

28

NS

 Night work: yes (%)

12

15

NS

11

22

NS

10

11

NS

13

20

**

11

14

*

 N

6895

233

 

8304

279

 

6941

1316

 

3828

607

 

20372

2456

 
  1. DE NCBWs: Non-commuters toward Germany. Are working and dwelling in France
  2. DE CBWs: Cross-border workers toward Germany. Are working in Germany and dwelling in France
  3. BE NCBWs: Non-commuters toward Belgium. Are working and dwelling in France
  4. BE CBWs: Cross-border workers toward Belgium. Are working in Belgium and dwelling in France
  5. CH NCBWs: Non-commuters toward Switzerland. Are working and dwelling in France
  6. CH CBWs: Cross-border workers toward Switzerland. Are working in Switzerland and dwelling in France
  7. LU NCBWs: Non-commuters toward Luxembourg. Are working and dwelling in France
  8. LU CBWs: Cross-border workers toward Luxembourg. Are working in Luxembourg and dwelling in France
  9. p1: significance p* ≤ 0.1 | p** ≤ 0.05 | p*** ≤ 0.01; chi-square test for qualitative variables and Student’s t-test for quantitative variables; significance level of the difference between the total NCBWs and the total CBWs. Aggregation of contingency tables 2 × 2 with 1 degree of freedom, except for age and wage