Table 4 Logistic regression analysis (odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals) of non-work-related and work-related factors with psychological distress (MHI-5 cut-off <=52 points) in the working-age population. Variables were included in the model simultaneously
|  | Men (N = 15,357) | Women (N = 18, 271) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||
 Age (years) | ||||
  20–34 | 1.28 (0.86–1.92) | 0.23 | 1.39 (0.97–2.00) | 0.07 |
  35–49 | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 0.72 | 1.16 (0.84–1.60) | 0.38 |
  50–65 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Education (years) | ||||
  < =12 | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 0.18 | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | 0.58 |
  13–16 | 0.90 (0.67–1.23) | 0.51 | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 0.89 |
  17+ | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Marital status | ||||
  Married/cohabiting | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.02 (0.60–1.71) | 0.95 | 1.09 (0.75–1.57) | 0.65 |
  Single | 1.33 (0.77–2.33) | 0.31 | 1.03 (0.68–1.56) | 0.88 |
Other not work-related factors | ||||
 Lives alone | 0.71 (0.42–1.22) | 0.21 | 1.26 (0.83–1.91) | 0.28 |
 Has children under 18 years of age | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 0.0075 | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | 0.13 |
 At-risk drinkinga | 1.40 (1.10–1.78) | 0.0057 | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 0.21 |
 Current smoker | 1.46 (1.09–1.94) | 0.0103 | 1.40 (1.09–1.81) | 0.0091 |
 Lonely quite often or all the time | 6.20 (4.17–9.20) | < 0.0001 | 6.06 (4.51–8.13) | < 0.0001 |
 Active member in societies, hobby groups, etc. | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.37 | 0.68 (0.53–0.88) | 0.0034 |
 Difficulty in covering household costs | 1.68 (1.31–2.16) | 0.0001 | 1.70 (1.36–2.11) | < 0.0001 |
 How many persons give you practical help? | ||||
  No one | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  1–2 persons | 0.40 (0.20–0.81) | 0.01 | 0.72 (0.34–1.53) | 0.39 |
  3–6 persons | 0.35 (0.17–0.71) | 0.004 | 0.62 (0.28–1.35) | 0.23 |
 How many persons give you emotional support? | ||||
  No one | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  1–2 persons | 0.83 (0.31–2.22) | 0.72 | 0.41 (0.15–1.14) | 0.09 |
  3–6 persons | 0.51 (0.19–1.43) | 0.20 | 0.34 (0.12–0.97) | 0.04 |
 Helping parents outside the home | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) | 0.0569 | 1.06 (0.86–1.32) | 0.57 |
 Helping children outside the home | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | 0.17 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 0.55 |
 Helping someone else outside the home | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | 0.70 | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 0.11 |
Work-related factors | ||||
 Work satisfaction | ||||
  Extremely satisfied | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Fairly satisfied | 1.70 (1.11–2.60) | 0.01 | 1.74 (1.24–2.44) | 0.001 |
  Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 2.96 (1.88–4.66) | < 0.0001 | 2.35 (1.58–3.51) | < 0.0001 |
  Fairly/extremely dissatisfied | 6.61 (4.14–11.55) | < 0.0001 | 6.08 (4.09–9.04) | < 0.0001 |
 Mental strain of work | ||||
  Low | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Moderate | 1.31 (0.84–2.03) | 0.23 | 0.97 (0.68–1.41) | 0.89 |
  High | 2.71 (1.66–4.41) | 0.0001 | 1.34 (0.88–2.04) | 0.17 |
 Physical strain of work | ||||
  Low | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Moderate | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 0.46 | 0.84 (0.66–1.05) | 0.13 |
  High | 1.19 (0.78–1.80) | 0.43 | 0.86 (0.57–1.28) | 0.45 |
 When I come home, I stop thinking about my workb | 0.64 (0.50–0.83) | 0.0008 | 0.58 (0.46–0-73) | < 0.0001 |
 I feel I am neglecting domestic issues because of my workb | 1.53 (1.14–2.04) | 0.004 | 1.60 (1.25–2.04) | 0.0002 |
 I sometimes ignore my family when I am wholly absorbed in my workb | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) | 0.67 | 1.30 (1.00–1.70) | 0.0497 |
 I often find it difficult to concentrate on my work because of domestic issuesb | 3.24 (2.42–4.32) | 0.02 | 2.70 (2.08–3.49) | < 0.0001 |
 I have more energy to be with the children when I also go to workb | 0.72 (0.54–0.95) | < 0.0001 | 0.77 (0.59–0.99) | 0.047 |
 I feel inadequacy as a parentb | 2.21 (1.64–2.98) | 0.03 | 2.04 (1.57–2.64) | < 0.0001 |