Table 2 Methodological characteristics of included systematic reviews
Document | Document Type | Stated purpose | Themes | Studies reviewed related to naloxone | Year of last study reviewed | RCTs | Meta-analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bahji_2018 [27] | Systematic review | To synthesize findings and provide a systematic review of interventions for the treatment and prevention of opioid overdose. | Effectiveness of naloxone and take-home naloxone (THN) for opioid overdose reversal | 4 | 2016 | 12 | No |
Behar_2018 [28] | Systematic review | To assess the acceptability and feasibility of prescribing naloxone to patients in primary care settings. | Provision, feasibility and acceptability of naloxone distribution | 17 | 2017 | – | No |
Chimbar_2018 [29] | Systematic review | To examine the effectiveness of naloxone take-home kits and their effect in reducing fatal overdoses among those who use opioids. | Effectiveness of naloxone and take-home naloxone (THN) for opioid overdose reversal | 9 | 2016 | 2 | No |
Chou_2017 [30] | Systematic review | To synthesize evidence on 1) the effects of naloxone route of administration and dosing for suspected opioid overdose in out-of-hospital settings on mortality, reversal of overdose, and harms, and 2) the need for transport to a health care facility after reversal of overdose with naloxone. | Naloxone dosing or routes of administration Overdose response after naloxone administration | 13 | 2016 | 3 | No |
Clark_2014 [31] | Systematic review | To describe the current state of the literature on community-based opioid overdose programs (OOPPs) with a focus on the effectiveness of these programs. This article reviews characteristics and outcomes of OOPPs. | Effectiveness of naloxone and take-home naloxone (THN) for opioid overdose reversal Naloxone training and education | 19 | 2013 | – | No |
Eizadi-Mood_2019 [32] | Systematic review | To examine the relationship between naloxone and seizure in tramadol poisoning. | Naloxone safety (harms or adverse events related to naloxone administration) | 7 | 2015 | 1 | Yes |
EMCDDA_2015 [11] | Systematic review | To assess the effect of take-home emergency naloxone and educational intervention on knowledge improvement, naloxone use, management of overdoses witnessed and death as a result of overdose. | Effectiveness of naloxone and take-home naloxone (THN) for opioid overdose reversal Naloxone training and education | 21 | 2014 | 1 | No |
Giglio_2015 [33] | Systematic review | To synthesize the quantitative findings of available studies to generate a summary estimate of the effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs using meta-analytic methods. | Effectiveness of naloxone and take-home naloxone (THN) for opioid overdose reversal Naloxone training and education | 9 | 2014 | 1 | Yes |
Greene_2019 [34] | Systematic review | To determine mortality and serious adverse events within 48 h of EMS treat and release due to suspected rebound opioid toxicity after naloxone administration. | Overdose response after naloxone administration | 7 | 2017 | – | Yes |
Gunn_2018 [35] | Systematic review | To assess the effectiveness of the Emergency Department as a potential setting for naloxone distribution for overdose reversal. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify, evaluate, and summarize available evidence regarding the distribution of take-home naloxone in the ED and identify the areas that require future research. | Provision, feasibility and acceptability of naloxone distribution | 5 | 2016 | 1 | No |
Haegerich_2019 [36] | Systematic review | To assess systems-level interventions to address provider and patient/public behavior and prevent prescription and illicit opioid overdose, naloxone education and distribution | Provision, feasibility and acceptability of naloxone distribution | 65 | 2019 | 1 | No |
McAuley_2015 [37] | Systematic review | To assess the impact of take-home naloxone at a global level, in order to give effect sizes that could be extrapolated to different populations across the world. | Provision, feasibility and acceptability of naloxone distribution | 9 | 2012 | 9 | Yes |
McDonald_2016 [9] | Systematic review | To assess the effectiveness of take-home naloxone (THN), addressing the following two aims: [25] to describe the impact of THN provision on overdose related mortality in opioid users; and [1] to assess the safety of THN provision by quantifying adverse events associated with naloxone administration. | Effectiveness of naloxone and take-home naloxone (THN) for opioid overdose reversal Naloxone safety (harms or adverse events related to naloxone administration) Cost-effectiveness | – | 2015 | – | No |
Mitchell _2016 [38] | Systematic review | To identify trends in the current literature, gaps in the findings, nursing implications, and opportunities for further exploration related to the use of naloxone in opioid overdose. | Effectiveness of naloxone and take-home naloxone (THN) for opioid overdose reversal | 8 | 2015 | 7 | No |
Moe_2020 [39] | Systematic review | To evaluate the relationship between naloxone dose (initial and cumulative) and opioid toxicity reversal and adverse events in undifferentiated and presumed fentanyl/ ultra-potent opioid overdoses. | Naloxone dosing or routes of administration | – | No date | 7 | No |
Ryan_2018 [40] | Systematic review | To assess the pharmacokinetic properties of community-use formulations of naloxone for emergency treatment of opioid overdose. | Naloxone dosing or routes of administration | 7 | 2017 | 7 | No |
Smart_2020 [41] | Systematic review | The review describes demographic and clinical characteristics of opioid overdose prevention program (OOPP) participants, describes OOPP curriculums and addresses the following questions: [25] Do OOPPs with naloxone distribution reduce fatal and nonfatal overdose rates among participants? [1] Are OOPPs effective at increasing nonmedical bystander knowledge of prevention, risk factors, and recognition of opioid overdose? [2] Do nonmedical bystanders trained at OOPPs respond correctly to witnessed opioid overdoses? | Provision, feasibility and acceptability of naloxone distribution | 11 | 2019 | – | No |
Strang_2016 [42] | Systematic review | To examine the options for non-injectable naloxone with potential application for wider community-based opioid overdose reversal. | Naloxone dosing or routes of administration | 21 | 2015 | – | No |
Thakur_2020 [43] | Systematic review | To examine the current state of naloxone use and dispensing regarding [25] roles for pharmacists dispensing naloxone, [1] barriers to their dispensing naloxone, and [2] pharmacist training to dispense naloxone. | Provision, feasibility and acceptability of naloxone distribution | 33 | 2018 | – | No |
Yousefifard_2019 [44] | Systematic review | To compare the efficacy of the intranasal administration of naloxone with its intramuscular/intravenous administration in the pre hospital management of opioid overdose. | Naloxone dosing or routes of administration | 6 | 2014 | 3 | Yes |