Table 4 Risk factors of neonatal mortality in Ghana: Evidence from the 2017 Ghana maternal health survey
From: Geospatial analysis of determinants of neonatal mortality in Ghana
Variables | Neonatal mortality | |
|---|---|---|
Poisson | Negative Binomial | |
aRR[95% CI] | aRR[95% CI] | |
Sex of the child | ||
Male | Ref | |
Female | 0.84[0.54–1.33] | 0.60[0.34–1.05] |
Mothers education | ||
None | Ref | |
Primary/middle | 1.03[0.53–2.02] | 1.21 [0.51–2.85] |
JHS/JSS | 0.97[0.53–1.77] | 1.74 [0.74–4.11] |
SHS+ | 2.43[1.09–5.40] * | 7.25 [2.36–22.23]** |
Current age | 0.95[0.89–1.01] | 1.01 [0.94–1.08] |
Marital status | ||
Yes, currently married | Ref | |
Yes, living with a man | 0.88[0.49–1.60] | 1.00 [0.52–1.95] |
No, not in union | 1.06[0.48–2.32] | 1.19 [0.45–3.09] |
Parity | 1.26[1.03–1.54] * | 1.27 [1.01–1.59]* |
Multiple birth | ||
single | Ref | |
Multiple | 4.12 [1.91–8.85] *** | 7.38 [3.15–17.3]*** |
Age at first sex | 0.99[0.90–1.08] | 0.98 [0.88–1.09] |
Place of delivery | ||
Hospital | Ref | |
Home | 1.24[0.67–2.29] | 1.17 [0.51–2.67] |
Household size | 0.88[0.76–1.03] | 0.88 [0.80–0.98]* |
Water | ||
Improved | Ref | |
Not improved | 0.97[0.54–1.73] | 1.44 [0.63–3.29] |
Sanitation | ||
Improved | Ref | |
Not improved | 0.97[0.54–1.73] | 0.51 [0.24–1.10] |
Owns agriculture land | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 0.83[0.49–1.41] | 0.7 [0.35–1.38] |
Owns Livestock | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 1.20[0.69–2.06] | 1.53 [0.78–3.00] |
Ever had an abortion | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 0.77[0.44–1.34] | 1.14 [0.55–2.36] |
Ever had miscarriage | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 1.35[0.75–2.45] | 2.16 [0.98–4.76] |
Ever had stillbirth | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 0.79[0.31–2.02] | 0.58 [0.17–1.95] |
Zone | ||
Coastal | Ref | |
Middle | 1.08[0.68–1.72] | 1.06 [0.55–2.06] |
Northern | 0.81[0.45–1.45] | 1.58 [0.67–3.74] |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | Ref | |
Rural | 1.77 [1.07–2.90]* | 3.77 [1.83–7.76]*** |
Antenatal care¥ | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 4.65[1.80–12.06] ** | 5.16 [2.06–12.91]*** |
Size at birth¥ | ||
Very large | Ref | |
Large | 0.61[0.28–1.36] | 0.57 [0.24–1.36] |
Average | 0.86[0.41–1.83] | 0.77 [0.34–1.73] |
Small | 0.67[0.25–1.81] | 0.59 [0.20–1.75] |
Very small | 1.23[0.46–3.26] | 1.15 [0.41–3.24] |
Tetanus during pregnancy¥ | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 2.10[1.11–3.97] * | 2.06 [1.07–3.99]* |
Iron | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 2.02[0.89–4.62] | 2.10 [0.88–5.01] |
Fansidar (sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine) during pregnancy¥ | ||
Yes | ref | |
No | 2.10[0.95–4.64] | 2.22 [0.98–5.06] |
Valid NHI card¥ | ||
Yes | Ref | |
No | 0.58[0.37–0.91] * | 0.64 [0.39–1.05] |