Intimate partner violence and maternal health services utilization: evidence from 36 National Household Surveys

BMC Public Health

Table 5 Any IPV as Risk Factor for Care Utilization, Heterogeneity by Survey Year

Variables	Any ANC visit			4+ ANC visits			Total ANC visits			Facility delivery			Postnatal visit
Variables	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	Coefficient estimate	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Survey years 2005–2009; Model 3
Any IPV	0.95	0.91,0.98	0.004	0.88	0.84,0.94	0.000	−0.16	− 0.19,-0.13	0.001	0.93	0.91,0.96	0.000	0.98	0.95,1.01	0.227
Observations	29,415			29,931			29,931			27,268			29,931
Survey years 2010–2014; Model 3
Any IPV	0.99	0.87,1.12	0.829	0.91	0.86,0.96	0.001	−0.05	−0.11,0.02	0.183	0.96	0.90,1.02	0.192	0.98	0.93,1.03	0.357
Observations	93,555			95,178			95,185			94,124			94,519
Survey years 2015–2016; Model 3
Any IPV	0.92	0.87,0.97	0.002	0.90	0.78,1.03	0.129	−0.09	−0.21,0.02	0.091	0.95	0.86,1.05	0.331	0.97	0.91,1.04	0.389
Observations	40,446			40,935			41,569			41,558			41,564

Notes: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ANC antenatal care. “Any IPV” is any physical or sexual violence by partner in lifetime. “Postnatal visit” is postnatal visit for mother or newborn within 3 days. All regressions estimate Model 3, controlling for dichotomous variables for each country, subnational region, dichotomous variables for the respondent’s age in years, dichotomous variables for the respondent completing primary, secondary or tertiary education, a dichotomous variable for current marital status, total number of children born, dichotomous variables for wealth quintile, and a dichotomous variable for urban residence

ISSN: 1471-2458