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Table 4 Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Violence as Risk Factors for Care Utilization

From: Intimate partner violence and maternal health services utilization: evidence from 36 National Household Surveys

Variables

Any ANC visit

4+ ANC visits

Total ANC visits

Facility delivery

Postnatal visit

OR

95%

CI

p-value

OR

95%

CI

p-value

Coefficient estimate

95%

CI

p-value

OR

95%

CI

p-value

OR

95%

CI

p-value

Model 1 (unadjusted)

 Emotional violence

1.12

1.00,1.26

0.050

1.09

0.92,1.28

0.325

0.12

−0.14,0.38

0.342

1.13

0.92,1.39

0.239

1.03

0.88,1.20

0.713

 Physical violence

0.72

0.44,1.16

0.172

0.69

0.49,0.96

0.027

−0.65

−1.28,-0.03

0.042

0.80

0.61,1.06

0.119

0.77

0.63,0.95

0.014

 Sexual violence

1.03

0.82,1.28

0.826

0.84

0.65,1.09

0.187

−0.52

−1.02,-0.01

0.046

0.87

0.72,1.05

0.152

0.77

0.61,0.95

0.016

 Observations

166,685

166,685

166,685

166,685

166,685

Model 2 (adjusted for country of residence)

 Emotional violence

1.13

0.96,1.33

0.149

0.99

0.92,1.06

0.719

0.02

−0.06,0.09

0.661

1.06

0.97,1.15

0.192

1.04

0.98,1.10

0.213

 Physical violence

0.84

0.68,1.03

0.093

0.81

0.69,0.94

0.005

−0.24

− 0.57,0.09

0.149

0.79

0.68,0.92

0.002

0.89

0.74,1.07

0.218

 Sexual violence

0.86

0.79,0.95

0.003

0.86

0.78,0.95

0.003

−0.33

−0.57,-0.09

0.008

0.82

0.76,0.89

0.000

0.84

0.79,0.90

0.000

 Observations

166,685

166,685

166,685

164,022

166,685

Model 3 (adjusted for country of residence, subnational region of residence, and sociodemographic characteristics)

 Emotional violence

1.00

0.93,1.07

0.963

0.96

0.91,1.01

0.111

0.00

−0.04,0.04

0.926

1.04

0.98,1.10

0.162

1.01

0.96,1.06

0.628

 Physical violence

0.92

0.89,0.96

0.000

0.89

0.85,0.94

0.000

−0.10

−0.19,-0.02

0.018

0.91

0.86,0.95

0.000

0.96

0.90,1.02

0.179

 Sexual violence

1.03

0.92,1.15

0.625

0.98

0.92,1.04

0.498

−0.05

−0.13,0.03

0.185

0.99

0.92,1.07

0.863

0.99

0.90,1.08

0.815

 Observations

163,453

166,060

166,685

163,014

166,039

  1. Notes: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ANC antenatal care. “Emotional violence” is a dichotomous variable for emotional violence by partner in lifetime. “Physical violence” is a dichotomous variable for physical by partner in lifetime. “Sexual violence” is a dichotomous variable for sexual violence by partner in lifetime. “Postnatal visit” is postnatal visit for mother or newborn within 3 days. All Models use heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors clustered at the country level. Model 1 does not include any controls. Model 2 controls for dichotomous variables for each country. Model 3 controls for dichotomous variables for each country, subnational region, dichotomous variables for the respondent’s age in years, dichotomous variables for the respondent completing primary, secondary or tertiary education, a dichotomous variable for current marital status, total number of children born, dichotomous variables for wealth quintile, and a dichotomous variable for urban residence
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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