Intimate partner violence and maternal health services utilization: evidence from 36 National Household Surveys

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Any IPV as Risk Factor for Care Utilization

Variables	Any ANC visit			4+ ANC visits			Total ANC visits			Facility delivery			Postnatal visit
Variables	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	Coefficient estimate	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Model 1 (unadjusted)
Any IPV	0.85	0.58,1.25	0.406	0.76	0.59,0.97	0.026	− 0.56	−0.98,-0.14	0.011	0.87	0.73,1.04	0.125	0.77	0.65,0.91	0.002
Observations	166,685			166,685			166,685			166,685			166,685
Model 2 (adjusted for country of residence)
Any IPV	0.91	0.68,1.22	0.523	0.80	0.67,0.96	0.018	− 0.27	− 0.58,0.04	0.088	0.82	0.68,0.98	0.030	0.89	0.73,1.07	0.222
Observations	166,685			166,685			166,685			164,022			166,685
Model 3 (adjusted for country of residence, subnational region of residence, and sociodemographic characteristics)
Any IPV	0.96	0.89,1.04	0.329	0.89	0.85,0.94	0.000	−0.09	−0.15,-0.02	0.009	0.95	0.90,1.00	0.030	0.97	0.94,1.01	0.176
Observations	163,453			166,060			166,685			163,014			166,039

Notes: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ANC antenatal care. “Any IPV” is any physical or sexual violence by partner in lifetime. “Postnatal visit” is postnatal visit for mother or newborn within 3 days. All Models use heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors clustered at the country level. Model 1 does not include any controls. Model 2 controls for dichotomous variables for each country. Model 3 controls for dichotomous variables for each country, subnational region, dichotomous variables for the respondent’s age in years, dichotomous variables for the respondent completing primary, secondary or tertiary education, a dichotomous variable for current marital status, total number of children born, dichotomous variables for wealth quintile, and a dichotomous variable for urban residence

ISSN: 1471-2458