Burden of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors in Malaysia

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Comparison of PAF across countries based on similar PAF approach in both sexes

Risk Factors	Malaysia, current study	France, 2000 [25]	China, 2005 [26]	Japan, 2005 [15]	Canada,2013 [27]	Australia, 2013 [16]	UK, 2015 [13, 28]	Vietnam, 2018 [29]
Excess weight	7.0%	1.6%	0.32%	1.1%	4.6%	4.3%	6.3%	0.8%
Alcohol intake	0.6%	6.9%	4.4%	6.3%	3.5%	2.8%	3.3%	6.0%
Physical Inactivity	1.0%	1.6%	0.27%	0.4%	4.1%	1.5%	0.5%	–
Tobacco smoking	14.3%	23.9%	22.6%	19.5%	17.9%	13.3%	15.1%	13.5%
Overall PAF (include all other risk factors)	22.2%	35.0%^a	57%^b	42.7%^c	27.7%	32.8%^d	37.7^e	47.0%^f

^aOther PAFs include: Infectious agents (3.6%), occupation (2.4%), exogenous hormones (0.9%), ultraviolet light (0.7%), pollutants (0.2%)
^bOther PAFs include: Infectious agents (29.4%), low fruit intake (13.0%), low vegetable intake (3.6%), occupational agents (2.7%), environmental agents (0.68%), reproductive factors (0.17%) and hormone replacement therapy (0.01%)
^cOther PAFs include: Passive smoking (0.6%), infectious agents (20.6%), salt intake (1.6%), fruit intake (0.7%), vegetable intake (0.6%), exogenous hormones used (0.2%)
^dOther PAFs include: Dietary factors (5.4%), infections (3.3%), solar UV radiation (6.4%), reproductive factors (0.8%)
^eOther PAFs include: UV radiation (3.8%), occupation (3.8%), infections (3.6%), insufficient fibre (3.3%), ionising radiation (1.9%), processed meat (1.5%), air pollution (1.0%), not breastfeeding (0.5%), postmenopausal hormones (0.4%), oral contraceptives (0.2%)
^fOther PAFs include: Passive smoking (6.0%), infectious agents (29.1%), low vegetable and fruit intake (0.4%), air pollution (1.5%), nulliparity (0.8%)

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