Table 2 Bivariate associations of background characteristics with triple burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in India
Variables | Triple Burden of Malnutrition (%) | Chi-square value (p-value) |
|---|---|---|
Mother level factors | ||
Age of the mother (in years) | ||
15–24 | 3.87 | 278.48 (0.0001) |
25–34 | 6.26 | |
> =35 | 8.50 | |
Age at first birth (in years) | ||
< =19 | 4.71 | 101.82 (0.0001) |
20–29 | 6.10 | |
> =30 | 9.26 | |
Educational level | ||
No education | 3.88 | 150.17 (0.0001) |
Primary | 4.91 | |
Secondary | 6.43 | |
Higher | 7.97 | |
Currently breastfeeding | ||
No | 6.15 | 12.90 (0.0001) |
Yes | 5.02 | |
C-section delivery | ||
No | 4.76 | 616.19 (0.0001) |
Yes | 9.79 | |
Child level factors | ||
Child’s age (in months) | ||
< =12 | 4.23 | 54.72 (0.0001) |
13–23 | 5.14 | |
24–35 | 5.60 | |
36–47 | 6.68 | |
48–59 | 6.01 | |
Sex of the child | ||
Male | 5.81 | 9.70 (0.0020) |
Female | 5.50 | |
Received Vitamin A | ||
No | 4.93 | 35.60 (0.0001) |
Yes | 5.98 | |
Birth size | ||
Average | 5.57 | 7.23 (0.0270) |
Larger than average | 5.96 | |
Smaller than average | 5.72 | |
Household level factors | ||
Wealth index | ||
Poor | 3.04 | 1000 (0.0001) |
Middle | 6.60 | |
Rich | 8.55 | |
Caste | ||
Scheduled Caste | 5.34 | 292.21 (0.0001) |
Scheduled Tribe | 2.88 | |
Other Backward Class | 5.83 | |
Others | 6.82 | |
Religion | ||
Hindu | 5.17 | 329.61 (0.0001) |
Muslim | 7.80 | |
Others | 6.82 | |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 9.01 | 803.37 (0.0001) |
Rural | 4.30 | |
Region | ||
North | 5.83 | 687.55 (0.0001) |
Central | 5.02 | |
East | 3.63 | |
Northeast | 3.29 | |
West | 7.33 | |
South | 8.59 | |