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Table 1 Baseline characteristics before and after propensity score matching

From: Psychological impact of the state of emergency over COVID-19 for non-permanent workers: a Nationwide follow-up study in Japan

  

Before matching (n = 2648)

  

After matching (n = 994)

   

Variable

Category

Permanent employee(n = 1373)

%

Non-permanent employee(n = 685)

%

Standardized difference

Permanent employee(n = 497)

%

Non-permanent employee(n = 497)

%

Standardized difference

Age

Mean (SD)

40.78(10.54)

 

40.22(11.64)

 

0.0501

39.04(10.96)

 

39.64(11.47)

 

−0.0536

Sex

Male

820

59.7

202

29.5

0.6385

176

35.4

175

35.2

0.0042

 

Female

553

40.3

483

70.5

 

321

64.6

322

64.8

 

Regiona

Low infection area

904

65.8

433

63.2

0.0550

349

70.2

337

67.8

0.0522

 

High infection area

469

34.2

252

36.8

 

148

29.8

160

35.2

 

Marital status

Single

674

49.1

356

52.0

0.0577

294

59.2

277

55.7

0.0692

 

Married

699

50.9

329

48.0

 

203

40.8

220

44.3

 

Child

No

846

61.6

439

64.1

0.0512

346

69.6

330

66.4

0.0691

 

Yes

527

38.4

246

35.9

 

151

30.4

167

33.6

 

Family members living together

0

169

12.3

59

8.6

0.1673

59

11.9

51

10.3

0.0938

 

1

355

25.9

152

22.2

 

124

24.9

112

22.5

 
 

2

332

24.2

177

25.8

 

131

26.4

132

26.6

 
 

3

287

20.9

165

24.1

 

99

19.9

107

21.5

 
 

4 ≤

230

16.8

132

19.3

 

84

16.9

95

19.1

 

Comorbidities

0

1250

91.0

606

88.5

0.0854

447

89.9

441

88.7

0.0399

 

1

110

8.0

70

10.2

 

45

9.1

50

10.1

 
 

2 ≤

13

0.9

9

1.3

 

5

1.0

6

1.2

 

Education

Jr high school

13

0.9

35

5.1

0.6319

9

1.8

13

2.6

0.0957

 

High school

309

22.5

246

35.9

 

157

31.6

168

33.8

 
 

Associate degree or Diploma

293

21.3

219

32.0

 

159

32.0

151

30.4

 
 

Bachelor

652

47.5

169

24.7

 

160

32.2

149

30.0

 
 

Master or Doctor

106

7.7

16

2.3

 

12

2.4

16

3.2

 

Industryd

Primary sector

10

0.7

4

0.6

0.3550

6

1.2

4

0.8

0.0727

 

Secondary sector

422

30.7

112

16.4

 

107

21.5

97

19.5

 
 

Tertiary sector

891

64.9

526

76.8

 

362

72.8

370

74.4

 
 

Industries unable to classify

50

3.6

43

6.3

 

22

4.4

26

5.2

 

Company size (number of employees)

<  50

410

29.9

287

41.9

0.3959

214

43.1

210

42.3

0.0340

 

50 ~ 99

158

11.5

128

18.7

 

75

15.1

75

15.1

 
 

100 ~ 299

209

15.2

71

10.4

 

59

11.9

61

12.3

 
 

300 ~ 999

221

16.1

79

11.5

 

65

13.1

62

12.5

 
 

1000 ≤

375

27.3

120

17.5

 

84

16.9

89

17.9

 

Personal incomeb

Low

623

45.4

653

95.3

1.3067

468

94.2

465

93.6

0.0466

 

Middle

549

40.0

22

3.2

 

2

4.4

22

4.4

 
 

High

201

14.6

10

1.5

 

7

1.4

10

2.0

 

Family incomeb

Low

323

23.5

305

44.5

0.5459

237

47.7

227

35.7

0.0405

 

Middle

562

40.9

270

39.4

 

174

35.0

180

36.2

 
 

High

488

35.5

110

16.1

 

86

17.3

90

18.1

 

Average overtime per month

<  10 h

715

52.1

581

84.8

0.7640

384

77.3

396

79.7

0.1014

 

10 ~ 44 h

502

36.6

91

13.3

 

91

18.3

88

17.7

 
 

45 ~ 79 h

127

9.2

10

1.5

 

17

3.4

10

2.0

 
 

80 h ≤

29

2.1

3

0.4

 

5

1.0

3

0.6

 

Union membership

No

940

68.5

546

79.7

0.2588

384

77.3

390

78.5

0.0291

 

Yes

433

31.5

139

20.3

 

113

22.7

107

21.5

 

Householder

No

481

35.0

481

70.2

0.7530

289

58.1

315

63.4

0.1073

 

Yes

892

65.0

204

29.8

 

208

41.9

182

36.6

 

Exercisec

No/custom

799

58.2

470

86.8

0.2241

328

66.0

329

66.2

0.0475

 

Once every 2 weeks

140

10.2

47

6.9

 

42

8.5

36

7.2

 
 

Once in a week

197

14.3

70

10.2

 

54

10.9

56

11.3

 
 

Two times in a week

237

17.3

98

14.3

 

73

14.7

76

15.3

 

Smoking

No

909

66.2

520

75.9

0.2188

372

74.8

370

74.4

0.0142

 

Yes

295

21.5

99

14.5

 

81

16.3

81

16.3

 
 

Past

169

12.3

66

9.6

 

44

8.9

46

9.3

 

Drink

No

588

42.8

362

52.8

0.2259

243

48.9

254

51.1

0.0443

 

Yes

717

52.2

281

41.0

 

230

46.3

220

44.3

 
 

Past

68

5.0

42

6.1

 

24

4.8

23

4.6

 

Commute time (one-way)

<  30 min

686

50.0

433

63.2

0.3038

300

60.4

302

60.8

0.0419

 

30 ~ 59 min

475

34.6

198

28.9

 

146

29.4

150

30.2

 
 

60 min ≤

212

15.4

54

7.9

 

51

10.3

45

9.1

 

Sleeping time

<  4.0 h

35

2.5

15

2.2

0.1023

12

2.4

12

2.4

0.0504

 

4.0–5.9 h

351

25.6

148

21.6

 

122

24.5

112

22.5

 
 

6.0 ~ 7.9 h

843

61.4

440

64.2

 

305

61.4

316

63.6

 
 

8.0 h ≤

144

10.5

82

12.0

 

58

11.7

57

11.5

 

SOC score

Mean (SD)

52.90(9.77)

 

52.50(10.74)

 

0.0384

52.11(10.20)

 

51.99(10.32)

 

0.0218

Base-line CES-D score

Mean (SD)

18.04(10.62)

 

18.76(10.72)

 

−0.0675

19.19(10.94)

 

18,95(10.81)

 

0.0222

Base-line utility

Mean (SD)

0.8921(0.15723)

 

0.8853(0.13672)

 

0.0461

0.8867(0.15697)

 

0.8854(0.13332)

 

0.0092

  1. CES-D; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, SOC; Sense of coherence, SD; Standard deviation
  2. a High infection area includes Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Hokkaido.b Low (less then JPY 4 million), Middle (between JPY 4 million to JPY 8 million), High (more than JPY 8 million)c Exercise is defined as moderate exercise with light-breathing for about 1 hd The industries were categorized as four types: the primary sector including agriculture and forestry, fisheries; the secondary sector including mining and quarrying of stone and gravel, construction, manufacturing; the tertiary sector including electricity gas heat supply and water, information and communications, transport and postal activities, wholesale trade and retail trade, finance and insurance, real estate and goods rental and leasing, scientific research, professional and technical services, accommodations, eating and drinking services, living-related and personal services and amusement services, education learning support, medical health care and welfare, compound services, other services, government; and industry unable to classify