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Table 2 Results of the bivariate analysis, fixed effects model, for the variables life expectancy and infant mortality

From: From income inequality to social inequity: impact on health levels in an international efficiency comparison panel

Dimension

Variable

LEB* coef

LEB* p

IM** coef

IM** p

Financial resources

Current per capita health expenditure (PPP)

0.0013

0.002

−0.0021

0.040

Health expenditure (% GDP)

−0.0818

0.571

−0.5409

0.098

Health expenditure - external sources

−0.0441

0.191

−0.0203

0.794

Health expenditure (% government expenditure)

0.0513

0.490

−0.2023

0.231

Taxes (% current health spending)

−0.0057

0.830

0.0288

0.635

Compulsory contributions (social security)

0.0980

0.017

−0.2157

0.021

Public/mandatory spending

0.0290

0.231

−0.0503

0.362

Voluntary contributions

−0.0263

0.468

−0.0859

0.299

Private health insurance

0.1104

0.075

−0.2206

0.119

Direct disbursement (OOP)

−0.0263

0.308

0.1531

0.009

Private spending

−0.0331

0.16

0.0919

0.086

Physical Resources

Density of physicians

0.1070

0.059

−0.2250

0.071

Density of nurses/midwives

0.0211

0.439

− 0.0470

0.424

Density of hospital beds

−0.1012

0.080

0.0791

0.417

Density of Health Units

−0.0051

0.811

−0.0155

0.802

Density of Health Centers

−0.0086

0.940

0.1792

0.469

Density of Hospitals

−0.3136

0.378

0.2453

0.536

Density of Magnetic Resonance Imaging equipment

0.0645

0.531

−0.0688

0.809

Density of Computed Tomography equipment

0.0794

0.498

−0.0726

0.772

National CNCD prevention strategy

0.6594

0.067

−1.2000

0,133

Coverage

Tuberculosis Treatment

3.8289

0.046

−9.8135

0.002

Care seeking - Pneumonia

0.1399

0,001

−0.2224

0.025

Care seeking - Diarrhea

0.0623

0.062

−0.2851

< 0.001

Skilled personnel - births

0.0739

< 0.001

−0.2717

< 0.001

Prevention

Tuberculosis incidence

−0.0149

< 0.001

0.0375

< 0.001

HIV incidence

−2.8490

< 0.001

6.8174

< 0.001

Complete immunization (< 1 year)

0.0264

0.632

−0.2121

0.076

Governance

Demographic density

0.0042

0.064

−0.0067

0.183

Gini index

−0.1168

0.081

0.0979

0.587

Percentile of the richest (1%)

10.1313

0.437

0.7650

0.960

HDI Education

39.2567

< 0.001

− 93.2400

< 0.001

HDI

64.3705

< 0.001

− 154.4554

< 0.001

General inequity - HDI losses

−0.2453

< 0.001

0.7767

< 0.001

Gender inequity

−0.4598

0.385

2.1133

0.051

Unemployment

−0.2446

0.003

0.2789

0.132

Political Regime

0.0091

0.500

−0.0315

0.301

Voice and Accountability

1.3940

0.099

−4.0541

0.030

Government Effectiveness

0.7931

0.289

−1.1107

0.498

Rule of Law

1.9783

0.009

−4.0573

0.017

Corruption Perception Index

0.1345

0.001

−0.4388

< 0.001

Financial globalization

0.0271

0.397

−0.1185

0.096

Risk factors

Safe sanitation

0.1209

< 0.001

−0.2573

< 0.001

Basic sanitation

0.2433

< 0.001

−0.7931

< 0.001

Obesity

0.5446

< 0.001

− 1.2582

< 0.001

Diabetes

1.4695

< 0.001

−4.4496

< 0.001

Hypertension

−0.6278

< 0.001

0.9702

0.004

Malnutrition

−0.2167

< 0.001

0.7989

< 0.001

Alcohol

0.4031

< 0.001

−1.1657

< 0.001

Tobacco

−0.0749

0.256

−0.0366

0.786

Occupational accident injuries

−0.0004

0.094

0.0003

0.475

Fatal occupational injuries

−0.1707

0.009

0.3098

0.011

  1. * LEB Life expectancy at birth ** IM Infant mortality; OOP Out-of-pocket expenses; CNCD Chronic non-communicable diseases