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Table 1 Variables used, according to the stage of the health production process, data sources and the analyzed period

From: From income inequality to social inequity: impact on health levels in an international efficiency comparison panel

Variables (specifications):

Period 1(t)

Period 2(t + 1)

INPUT

 FINANCIAL RESOURCES

  HEALTH EXPENSES - AGGREGATE MEASURES

   Health expenditure as % of GDP

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

   Total health expenditure per capita PPP (purchasing power parity)

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

  HEALTH EXPENDITURE - FUNDING SOURCES

   Public, private and out-of-pocket spending as % of health spending

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

   Public spending on health as % of total government spending

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

   External source of health expenditure (% current health expenditure)

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

  HEALTH EXPENSES - FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS

   Government financing arrangements as % of current health expenditures

2010 (NHA)

2015 (NHA)

   Social health insurance as % of current health expenditure

2010 (NHA)

2015 (NHA)

  RESOURCES (HUMAN, MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGICAL AND OF GOVERNANCE)

   Density of health professionals (per 1000 inhabitants)

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

   Density of hospital beds (per 10,000 inhabitants)

2005 (WHO)

2010 (WHO)

   Density of hospitals and health centers (per 100,000 inhabitants)

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

   Equipment: (Tomography and Magnetic Resonance machines per 1000,000 inhabitants)

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

   National strategy for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

OUTPUT

 ACCESS AND COVERAGE

  Treatment coverage for tuberculosis

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

  Medical care seeking for pneumonia symptoms

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

  Treatment coverage for diarrhea

2010 (UNICEF)

2015(UNICEF)

  Births performed by skilled health personnel

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

 PREVENTION

  Tuberculosis incidence

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

  HIV incidence

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

  Vaccination

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

 OUTCOME

  World Happiness Index

2012 (UNSDSN)

2017 (UNSDSN)

  DALY – disability-adjusted life years

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

Life expectancy at birth

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

Infant mortality

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

Probability of death from preventable causes (cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases) between 30 and 70 years old

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

INTERSECTORAL VARIABLES (throughput or cross-sectional)

 DEMOGRAPHIC

  Population density

2010–14 (CIA)

–

 SOCIOECONOMIC

  Gini Index

2010 (PNUD)

2015 (PNUD)

  Richest percentile (!%)

2010 (WID)

2015 (WID)

  Education Index (component of the HDI)

2010 (PNUD)

2015 (PNUD)

 GOVERNANCE

  General inequity - HDI losses (all dimensions) and Gender Inequality

2010 (PNUD)

2015 (PNUD)

  Unemployment

2010 (PNUD)

2015 (PNUD)

  Corruption Perception Index

2012 (TI)

2016 (TI)

  Political Regime

2013 (Polity IV)

–

KOF Globalization Index, financial capital economic component

2010 (SEI)

2015 (SEI)

Government Effectiveness, Voice and Accountability and Rule of Law *

2012 (IGBM WB)

2017 (IGBM WB)

RISK FACTORS (ENVIRONMENTAL, CHRONIC DISEASES, INJURIES)

 Basic and safe sanitation -% population

2000 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

 Obesity (prevalence; < 5 years)

2008–12 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

 Prevalence of hyperglycemia / diabetes

2010 (WHO)

2014 (WHO)

 Prevalence of hypertension

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

 Malnutrition (prevalence; < 5 years)

2008–12 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

 Alcohol (consumption per capita, over 15 years)

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

 Tobacco (prevalence of tobacco use; over 15 years)

2010 (WHO)

2015 (WHO)

 Fatal and non-fatal occupational accidents / injury rates [SDG 8.8.1]

2010 (UN)

2015(UN)

  1. Data sources: WHO World Health Organization; SDG Sustainable Development Goals; WB World Bank; CIA Central Intelligence Agency; TI Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption Coalition; Polity IV Individual Country Regime Trends; SEI Swiss Economic Institute; UNDP United Nations Development Program; NHA National Health Accounts; UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund; UNSDSN United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network; WGI Worldwide Governance Indicators; UN United Nations and WID World Inequality Database.