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Table 6 Results of logistic regression, with binary outcome variable of non-adherence or adherence to all social distancing rules

From: Factors associated with non-adherence to social distancing rules during the COVID-19 pandemic: a logistic regression analysis

Explanatory Variables

Exp (B)

95% Wald Confidence Interval for Exp (B)

Sig.

Lower

Upper

Constant

24,481,821.0

  

.996

Demographic Factors

 Gender

   

.047

  Female

    

  Male

1.305

.388

4.389

.667

  Otherb

.047

.004

.592

.018

 Age

.977

.933

1.023

.322

 Ethnicity

  White

    

  BAME

1.19

.37

3.832

.77

 Language

  English as First Language

    

  English Not as First Language

.613

.182

2.068

.43

 Religion

   

.488

  No Religion

    

  Christian

.504

.203

1.252

.14

  Buddhist

6.469

.208

201.301

.287

  Hindu

.099

.003

3.111

.188

  Jewish

1.641

.298

9.043

.569

  Muslim

1.171

.07

19.652

.913

  Sikh

5.882E+ 9

.000

 

.999

  Other

.414

.071

2.407

.326

 Highest Qualification Obtained

   

.306

  Doctoral Degree

    

  Masters Degree

.353

.029

4.343

.416

  Professional Qualification

.21

.016

2.811

.238

  Bachelors Degree

.166

.014

2.028

.16

  Vocational / Work-related Qualification

.133

.008

2.121

.153

  A Levels or equivalent

28,639,096.0

.000

 

.997

  GCSEs or equivalent

1.272

.042

38.118

.89

  No Qualifications

2.406

.041

141.664

.673

 Employment Status

   

.586

  Long-term sick or disabled

    

  Retired

.787

.136

4.567

.79

  Working as an employee from home

3.579

.682

18.774

.132

  Self-employed or freelance from home

2.24

.36

13.947

.387

  Looking after home or family

.721

.075

6.904

.777

  Unemployed

3.303

.23

47.51

.38

  A furloughed employee

3.573

.451

28.315

.228

  A student

1.313

.071

24.42

.855

  Working as an employee in my normal place of work (not home)

2.605

.136

49.896

.525

  Self-employed or freelance in my normal place of work (not home)

121,440,088

.000

 

.998

  Other

3.414

.363

32.075

.283

 Key Worker Status

  Not Key Worker

    

  Key Worker

.511

.154

1.694

.272

 Deprivation

1.016

.841

1.227

.873

Housing Factors

 Housing Situation

   

.909

  Live in Own Home

    

  Live in Rented Home

1.054

.374

2.971

.920

  Live in Rented Room of Multiple Occupancy House

1.553

.214

11.276

.664

 Number of People Living With

.849

.619

1.166

.312

 Living With a Vulnerable Person

 Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status

  Not Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status

.998

.385

2.586

.997

Health Factors

 Vulnerable Healtha

  Vulnerable

    

  Not Vulnerablea

4.506

1.799

11.285

.001

 COVID-19 Symptoms

  Not Had

    

  Had

.87

.341

2.215

.77

 Perceived Susceptibility

1.102

.823

1.477

.514

Political Factors

 2019 General Election

  Voted for Government

    

  Did Not Vote for Government

1.522

.361

6.41

.567

 Trust in Government

1.005

.76

1.328

.974

 Lockdown Phasea

   

.009

  Total Lockdown

    

  Overlap of Total and First Relaxation

1.204

.465

3.114

.702

  First Relaxationa

.261

.096

.711

.009

Psychological Factors

 COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge

1.273

.864

1.877

.223

 Social Responsibility

.966

.63

1.482

.875

 Self-Interest

.985

.707

1.372

.927

 Intention to Socially Distance

.688

.433

1.094

.114

 Control over Leaving the House

.821

.634

1.063

.135

 Control over Others’ Distancinga

.724

.573

.916

.007

 Control over Responsibilitiesa

.642

.474

.869

.004

 Normative Pressure from Family

.931

.577

1.5

.768

 Normative Pressure from Friends

.739

.526

1.037

.08

 Normative Pressure from Neighbours

1.062

.824

1.369

.643

Social Factors

 Financial Support

 Getting Financial Support if Needed

  Not Getting Financial Support If Needed

.731

.241

2.22

.58

 Community Support

  Getting Community Support if Needed

  Not Getting Community Support If Needed

1.166

.27

5.039

.837

Support from a Special Person

.912

.674

1.234

.551

Support from Family

.903

.596

1.366

.628

Support from Friends

1.18

.758

1.838

.464

  1. aSignificant predictors of non-adherence of all social distancing rules
  2. bSignificant association found, but below threshold of 10 units per variable (68)