Characteristics | Model I Active co-use | Model II Restrictive | Model III Monitoring | Model IV Technical | Model V Active internet safety | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Respondents’ age | |||||||||||||||
31–40 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
41–50 years | 0.93 | 0.37–2.35 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 0.39–2.91 | 0.89 | 1.87 | 0.73–4.83 | 0.19 | 2.31 | 0.57–9.31 | 0.24 | 2.73 | 0.91–8.23 | 0.07 |
51–60 years | 0.59 | 0.20–1.78 | 0.36 | 0.99 | 0.31–3.18 | 0.99 | 1.19 | 0.38–3.67 | 0.75 | 1.47 | 0.28–7.53 | 0.64 | 1.64 | 0.47–5.79 | 0.44 |
Respondents’ monthly income (in PKR) | |||||||||||||||
Up to 50,000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
> 50,000–100,000 | 2.22 | 0.89–5.51 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.13–0.92 | 0.03 | 0.95 | 0.40–2.25 | 0.91 | 0.55 | 0.17–1.74 | 0.31 | 1.57 | 0.63–3.90 | 0.32 |
> 100,000–150,000 | 0.94 | 0.35–2.57 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.21–1.86 | 0.40 | 0.66 | 0.25–1.73 | 0.39 | 1.08 | 0.31–3.75 | 0.89 | 2.55 | 0.87–7.47 | 0.08 |
> 150,000–200,000 | 0.38 | 0.11–1.29 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.04–0.57 | < 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.26–2.59 | 0.73 | 4.03 | 0.98–16.5 | 0.05 | 2.21 | 0.61–8.02 | 0.23 |
> 200,000 | 0.93 | 0.28–3.08 | 0.96 | 0.14 | 0.04–0.51 | < 0.01 | 1.58 | 0.52–4.83 | 0.42 | 3.28 | 0.78–13.7 | 0.10 | 1.57 | 0.46–5.36 | 0.47 |
Age of teens | |||||||||||||||
13–15 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
16–17 years | 0.60 | 0.24–1.47 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.10–0.65 | < 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.24–1.21 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.10–0.92 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.12–0.80 | 0.01 |
18–19 years | 0.42 | 0.15–1.18 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.07–0.68 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.15–0.99 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.09–1.12 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.05–0.54 | < 0.01 |
Sex of teens | |||||||||||||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Female | 1.89 | 1.03–3.51 | 0.04 | 1.30 | 0.70–2.42 | 0.41 | 1.11 | 0.63–1.96 | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.39–1.86 | 0.69 | 1.56 | 0.83–2.96 | 0.17 |
Experience of teens’ internet addiction | |||||||||||||||
No addiction | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
High addiction | 1.28 | 0.49–3.28 | 0.61 | 2.85 | 1.16–7.02 | 0.02 | 4.79 | 2.33–9.86 | < 0.01 | 0.74 | 0.46–4.79 | 0.63 | 1.28 | 0.47–3.49 | 0.62 |
Medium addiction | 0.37 | 0.14–1.02 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.13–0.83 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.57–3.81 | 0.08 | 1.49 | 0.42–2.54 | 0.50 | 0.23 | 0.08–0.67 | < 0.01 |
Respondents’ digital skills | |||||||||||||||
Weak skills | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Good skills | 2.53 | 1.35–4.76 | < 0.01 | 1.59 | 0.84–3.01 | 0.15 | 2.02 | 1.11–3.68 | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.24–1.25 | 1.51 | 1.94 | 1.03–3.67 | < 0.01 |
Threat appraisal | |||||||||||||||
Severity of online risks | |||||||||||||||
Not serious | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Serious | 3.42 | 1.28–9.11 | 0.01 | 1.50 | 0.58–3.83 | 0.39 | 1.29 | 0.53–3.13 | 0.57 | 0.97 | 0.24–3.94 | 0.96 | 2.24 | 0.86–5.78 | 0.09 |
Susceptibility to online risks | |||||||||||||||
Not likely | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Likely | 1.08 | 0.58–2.00 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.47–1.64 | 0.68 | 0.88 | 0.50–1.56 | 0.67 | 2.54 | 1.07–5.99 | 0.03 | 0.91 | 0.47–1.73 | 0.77 |
Coping appraisal | |||||||||||||||
Response-efficacy to perform online protection | |||||||||||||||
Disagree | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Agree | 0.34 | 0.12–1.03 | 0.05 | 1.28 | 0.42–3.88 | 0.66 | 3.07 | 1.06–8.89 | 0.03 | 0.75 | 0.17–3.41 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 0.07–0.73 | 0.01 |
Self-efficacy to perform online protection | |||||||||||||||
Not likely | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Likely | 1.86 | 0.64–5.39 | 0.25 | 2.49 | 0.85–7.33 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.26–1.91 | 0.48 | 2.48 | 0.57–10.8 | 0.23 | 4.59 | 1.52–13.8 | < 0.01 |
Teens’ self-esteem | |||||||||||||||
Low self-esteem | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
High self-esteem | 2.35 | 1.27–4.32 | < 0.01 | 1.40 | 0.77–2.55 | 0.26 | 1.81 | 1.02–3.19 | 0.04 | 1.22 | 0.55–2.67 | 0.63 | 2.06 | 1.20–3.53 | < 0.01 |
Teens’ resilience | |||||||||||||||
Low resilience | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
High resilience | 1.13 | 0.56–2.25 | 0.73 | 1.11 | 0.56–2.18 | 0.77 | 1.31 | 0.68–2.53 | 0.41 | 1.17 | 0.47–2.89 | 0.73 | 2.65 | 1.46–4.82 | < 0.01 |