Table 5 Knowledge, behavioural and health service determinants of HIV among male injecting drug users, Pokhara Valley (Nepal)
| Â | OR (95% CI) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007 | 2009 | 2011 | 2015 | 2017 | 2007–2017 | |
Recent use of unsterilised needles | ||||||
 Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 |
 No | 0.27 (0.11–0.67) | 0.63 (0.23–1.68) | 0.24 (0.07–0.79) | – | – | 0.45 (0.24–0.83) |
Avoids needle sharing behaviour | ||||||
 No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 |
 Yes | 0.13 (0.04–0.48) | 0.38 (0.05–3.03) | 0.07 (0.01–0.75) | – | – | 0.54 (0.20–1.41) |
Age at first injection | ||||||
 Below median | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Above median | 0.52 (0.22–1.22) | 0.73 (0.25–1.92) | 0.23 (0.06–0.83) | 4.78 (0.97–23.49) | 3.81 (1.21–11.98) | 1.06 (0.68–1.66) |
Received addiction treatment | ||||||
 Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 No | 0.35 (0.15–0.81) | 0.74 (0.27–1.97) | 0.47 (0.16–1.40) | 0.23 (0.06–0.93) | 0.26 (0.10–0.70) | 0.39 (0.25–0.61) |
HIV test | ||||||
 Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
 No | 1.36 (0.60–3.09) | 1.78 (0.65–4.85) | 0.34 (0.07–1.52) | 0.35 (0.07–1.74) | – | 0.74 (0.46–1.21) |
Condom use (past 12 months) | ||||||
 Always | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
 Never | 0.46 (0.07–3.12) | 0.27 (0.02–3.59) | – | 0.08 (0.01–1.45) | – | 1.35 (0.57–3.20) |
Duration of ID use | ||||||
 Below median | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Above median | 5.37 (2.08–13.85) | 3.63 (1.30–10.15) | 9.92 (2.75–35.75) | 14.21 (1.74–115.87) | 9.23 (2.07–41.25) | 6.94 (3.91–12.31) |
Use of FSW (past 12 months) | ||||||
 Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 No | 1.09 (0.48–2.45) | 2.43 (0.67–8.86) | 0.90 (0.31–2.59) | 0.51 (0.13–1.96) | 0.45 (0.16–1.27) | 0.93 (0.58–1.48) |
Alcohol use (past 12 months) | ||||||
 Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 No | 0.82 (0.27–2.46) | 0.62 (0.18–2.07) | 0.60 (0.14–2.51) | 0.69 (0.09–5.05) | 1.83 (0.37–8.87) | 0.80 (0.45–1.41) |
Discussed with PE/OE/CM/CE | ||||||
 Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 No | 1.32 (0.57–3.04) | 0.79 (0.17–3.59) |  | 0.20 (0.05–0.77) | 0.39 (0.15–1.06) | 0.55 (0.32–0.96) |
Knowledge of where to get ART | ||||||
 Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 No | 0.27 (0.12–0.62) | 0.49 (0.17–1.39) | 0.39 (0.14–1.08) | – | 0.02 (0.01–0.16) | 0.21 (0.13–0.33) |