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Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression models on individual and contextual factors associated with circumcision among girls aged 0–14 in Chad

From: Factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age and girls aged 0–14 in Chad: a mixed-effects multilevel analysis of the 2014–2015 Chad demographic and health survey data

Variables

Model 0

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

aOR [95% CI]

aOR [95% CI]

aOR [95% CI]

Individual level factors

Age

  15–24

 

Ref

 

Ref

  25–34

 

15.30*** [10.26–22.80]

 

15.29*** [10.25–22.79]

  35 years and above

 

31.64*** (21.02–47.65]

 

31.72*** [21.07–47.77]

Mother’s education

  No education

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Primary

 

0.94[0.65–1.35]

 

0.93[0.65–1.35]

  Secondary/Higher

 

0.74[0.32–1.71]

 

0.76[0.32–1.77]

Partner’s education

  No education

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Primary

 

0.91[0.64–1.28]

 

0.92[0.65–1.29]

  Secondary/Higher

 

0.39***[0.24–0.62]

 

0.39***[0.25–0.63]

Marital status

  Married

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Cohabiting

 

0.63[0.36–1.11]

 

0.63[0.36–1.11]

Employment status

  Not working

 

0.77*[0.63–0.94]

 

0.77*[0.63–0.95]

  Working

 

Ref

 

Ref

Ethnicity

  Sara

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Gorane

 

1.38[0.49–3.93]

 

1.41[0.49–4.01]

  Arab

 

1.90[0.96–3.78]

 

1.96[0.98–3.92]

  Ouaadai/maba/massalit/mimi

 

2.51**[1.25–5.06]

 

2.57**[1.27–5.22]

  Kenemu-Borno

 

1.35[0.48–3.74]

 

1.42[0.50–3.98]

  Boulala/medego/kouka

 

1.67[0.76–3.70]

 

1.73[0.78–3.84]

  Other

 

1.97*[1.03–3.78]

 

2.05*[1.06–3.95]

Religion

  Christianity

 

0.49*[0.26–0.92]

 

0.51*[0.26–0.98]

  Islam

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Other

 

0.35[0.10–1.22]

 

0.36[0.10–1.23]

Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine

  Not at all

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Less than once a week/at least once a week

 

0.60[0.23–1.56]

 

0.62[0.23–1.62]

Frequency of listening to radio

  Not at all

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Less than once a week/at least once a week

 

1.08[0.80–1.45]

 

1.10[0.82–1.49]

Frequency of watching television

  Not at all

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Less than once a week/at least once a week

 

1.01[0.65–1.57]

 

1.04[0.67–1.62]

Respondent circumcised

  No

 

0.01*** [0.005–0.018]

 

0.01*** [0.005–0.018]

  Yes

 

Ref

 

Ref

Wealth quintile

  Poorest

 

Ref

 

Ref

  Poorer

 

0.98[0.74–1.29]

 

0.97[0.73–1.28]

  Middle

 

1.11[0.84–1.48]

 

1.10[0.83–1.47]

  Richer

 

1.12[0.84–1.52]

 

1.15[0.85–1.56]

  Richest

 

0.73[0.49–1.08]

 

0.97[0.56–1.68]

Contextual factors

  Residence

   Urban

  

2.17*[1.19–3.93]

Ref

   Rural

  

Ref

0.83[0.51–1.33]

Community literacy level

  Low

  

Ref

Ref

  Medium

  

0.37***[0.25–0.55]

1.06[0.78–1.45]

  High

  

0.15***[0.09–0.26]

0.79[0.50–1.25]

Community socio-economic status

  Low

  

Ref

Ref

  Medium

  

0.50*[0.27–0..91]

0.86[0.55–1.34]

  High

  

0.75[0.42–1.35]

0.99[0.62–1.58]

Random effect result

  PSU variance (95% CI)

2.78 (2.17–3.56)

0.28 (0.15–0.50)

2.19 (1.70–2.83)

0.27 (0.15–0.50)

  ICC

45.8%

7.8%

40.0%

7.6%

  LR Test

χ2 = 584.12, p < 0.001

χ2 = 20.09, p < 0.001

χ2 = 443.51, p < 0.001

χ2 = 19.80, p < 0.001

  Wald χ2

Reference

617.20***

71.91**

617.82***

  Model fitness

   Log-likelihood

− 2287.89

− 1539.47

− 2250.53

−1537.37

   AIC

4579.79

3130.94

4515.06

3136.74

N

6334

6334

6334

6334

  1. Source: 2014–2015 Chad Demographic and Health Survey
  2. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
  3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
  4. N Sample size, Ref Reference category, PSU Primary Sampling Unit, ICC Intra-Class Correlation, LR Test Likelihood ratio Test, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion