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Table 2 Characteristics of 1420 GOAL participants who had (Yes) or had not (No) used opioids during one year

From: Analgesic purchases among older adults – a population-based study

 

Opioids purchased

 

No

N = 960

Yes

N = 460

P-value

Pain

 Bodily Pain, mean (SD)

77 (21)

66 (25)

< 0.001*

 Intensity, mean (SD)

72 (23)

61 (26)

< 0.001*

 Interference, mean (SD)

82 (22)

71 (27)

< 0.001*

Demographics

 Female sex, n (%)

534 (56)

250 (54)

0.65

 Age, mean (SD)

71 (7)

72 (7)

0.16

 Cohabiting, n (%)

662 (69)

321 (70)

0.75

 Education years, mean (SD)

9.8 (3.2)

9.6 (3.1)

0.37

 OECDsgrta, mean (SD) 1000€

1.8 (1.1)

1.7 (0.6)

0.40

Smoking, n (%)

141 (15)

68 (15)

0.97

AUDIT-Cb, mean (SD)

2.6 (2.2)

2.6 (2.2)

0.83

LTPAc, n(%)

  

0.24

 Low

118 (12)

71 (15)

 

 Moderate

689 (72)

323 (71)

 

 High

148 (16)

64 (14)

 

Clinical

 BMId, mean (SD)

27.8 (4.8)

28.4 (4.7)

0.021*

 Obese (BMId ≥ 30), n (%)

241 (26)

139 (31)

0.049*

 Waist cm, mean (SD)

  Female

92 (14)

94 (13)

0.057

  Male

100 (11)

103 (11)

0.002*

 MetSe, n (%)

385 (40)

218 (47)

0.009*

 Blood pressure mmHg, mean (SD)

  Systolic

138 (21)

137 (19)

0.32

  Diastolic

83 (11)

82 (10)

0.10

Morbidity (diagnosed), n (%)

 Cardiovascular disease

413 (43)

225 (49)

0.037*

 Diabetes mellitus type II

101 (11)

56 (12)

0.35

 Musculoskeletal disease

330 (34)

231 (50)

< 0.001*

 Pulmonary disease

69 (7)

55 (12)

0.003*

 Psychiatric disease

27 (3)

22 (5)

0.057

 Neurological disease

25 (3)

16 (6)

0.36

 Neoplasm

47 (5)

44 (10)

< 0.001*

Symptoms, n (%)

 Joint pain

264 (28)

182 (40)

< 0.001*

 Back pain

235 (24)

163 (35)

< 0.001*

 Neck pain

253 (26)

157 (34)

< 0.001*

 Headache

109 (11)

61 (13)

0.30

 Insomnia

176 (18)

91 (20)

0.51

 Depression

40 (4)

32 (7)

0.025*

Laboratory tests, mean (SD)

 Glucose, mMol/L

5.66 (1.05)

5.68 (1.01)

0.72

 Triglyceride, mMol/L

1.26 (0.65)

1.23 (0.59)

0.47

 HDL, mMol/L

1.58 (0.46)

1.55 (0.47)

0.35

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 cm3

71 (14)

71 (15)

0.89

 hsCRP, mg/L

4.2 (4.0)

5.4 (9.5)

0.001*

 Uric acid, uMol/L

334 (73)

343 (79)

0.042*

Visited physician ≥3 times, n (%)

282 (29)

223 (48)

< 0.001*

  1. *P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data are presented as mean values (SD) and as absolute values and percentages. aOECDsgrt OECD square root–determined household income; bAUDIT-C Alcohol unit consumption per week; cLTPA Leisure-time physical activity; dBMI Body mass index; eMetS Metabolic syndrome. Laboratory test abbreviations: HDL High-density lipoprotein, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, hsCRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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