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Table 2 Factors associated with adolescent anemia in rural western China, 2016 (N = 1517)

From: Anemia and associated factors among adolescent girls and boys at 10–14 years in rural western China

 

Anemia/n(%)

Unadjusted

Adjusteda

P values for trenda

OR

95% CI

p values

OR

95% CI

p values

Maternal age/yearsb

       

0.50

 Q1: ≤35

84 (13.1)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Q2: 36–39

45 (11.0)

0.82

0.56, 1.21

0.32

0.85

0.53, 1.34

0.47

 

 Q3: ≥40

49 (10.5)

0.78

0.54, 1.13

0.19

0.89

0.46, 1.69

0.71

 

Maternal education

       

0.07

 < 3 years

17 (19.5)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Primary

61 (14.1)

0.68

0.37, 1.22

0.20

0.60

0.31, 1.15

0.13

 

 Secondary

89 (11.8)

0.55

0.31, 0.97

0.04

0.56

0.28, 1.12

0.10

 

 High school+

11 (4.7)

0.20

0.09, 0.45

< 0.001

0.35

0.13, 0.93

0.04

 

Maternal occupation

       

–

 Farmer

130 (14.1)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Others

48 (8.1)

0.54

0.38, 0.76

< 0.001

0.81

0.53, 1.22

0.31

 

Paternal age/yearb

       

0.42

 Q1: ≤37

71 (12.4)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Q2: 38–41

58 (12.2)

0.97

0.67, 1.41

0.89

0.97

0.62, 1.51

0.89

 

 Q3: ≥42

49 (10.6)

0.83

0.56, 1.22

0.35

0.71

0.36, 1.43

0.34

 

Paternal education

       

0.88

 < 3 years

4 (21.1)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Primary

32 (14.7)

0.65

0.20, 2.07

0.46

0.57

0.16, 1.97

0.37

 

 Secondary

114 (12.8)

0.55

0.18, 1.68

0.29

0.63

0.18, 2.13

0.45

 

 High school+

28 (7.3)

0.30

0.09, 0.95

0.04

0.60

0.16, 2.20

0.44

 

Paternal occupation

 Farmer

72 (14.2)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Others

98 (10.1)

0.68

0.49, 0.94

0.02

0.87

0.59, 1.27

0.46

 

Household wealth

    

0.78

0.63, 0.98

 

0.03

 Low

75 (14.3)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Medium

70 (15.7)

1.12

0.78, 1.59

0.54

1.17

0.80, 1.72

0.38

 

 High

33 (6.0)

0.39

0.25, 0.59

< 0.001

0.55

0.34, 0.88

0.01

 

Randomized regimens

 Folic acid

55 (10.4)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Iron/folic acid

62 (12.4)

1.21

0.83, 1.79

0.32

1.10

0.72, 1.66

0.68

 

 Multiple micronutrients

61 (12.6)

1.24

0.84, 1.82

0.28

1.27

0.85, 1.91

0.25

 

Adolescent age

    

1.28

1.02, 1.62

 

0.04

 10

6 (8.2)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 11

55 (10.2)

1.27

0.53, 3.07

0.59

1.01

0.40, 2.54

0.98

 

 12

71 (13.0)

1.67

0.70, 3.98

0.25

1.48

0.58, 3.77

0.41

 

 13–14

46 (12.8)

1.64

0.67, 4.00

0.28

1.64

0.61, 4.42

0.33

 

Sex

 Male

85 (9.7)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Female

93 (14.4)

1.56

1.14, 2.14

0.01

1.73

1.21, 2.48

0.003

 

Height for age z score

       

0.23

 Stunting (<−2SD)

7 (21.9)

1.89

0.80, 4.44

0.68

1.20

0.46, 3.13

0.71

 

 -2 to 1 SD

153 (12.9)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Above average (>1SD)

18 (6.0)

0.43

0.26, 0.71

0.43

0.71

0.40, 1.24

0.22

 

Whether having an illness in the last 2 weeks

 Yes

81 (13.7)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 No

95 (10.3)

0.72

0.53, 0.99

0.04

0.76

0.54, 1.06

0.10

 

Puberty developmentc

    

0.70

0.53, 0.93

 

0.01

 Pre-puberty

40 (15.4)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Mild

71 (11.0)

0.68

0.45, 1.03

0.07

0.64

0.40, 1.01

0.06

 

 Above mild

66 (11.0)

0.68

0.44, 1.03

0.07

0.50

0.29, 0.87

0.01

 

Times of consuming flesh foods per day (Mean/SD)d

       

0.11

 Q1 (Lowest)

62 (16.6)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Q2

54 (10.3)

0.58

0.39, 0.86

0.01

0.58

0.38, 0.89

0.01

 

 Q3 (Highest)

62 (10.0)

0.56

0.38, 0.82

0.003

0.72

0.48, 1.08

0.11

 

Times of consuming beans per day (Mean/SD)d

       

0.48

 Q1 (Lowest)

62 (12.1)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Q2

94 (13.0)

1.08

0.77, 1.53

0.64

1.20

0.83, 1.73

0.34

 

 Q3 (Highest)

22 (8.2)

0.64

0.39, 1.07

0.09

0.75

0.44, 1.31

0.31

 

Times of consuming dairy products per day (Mean/SD)d

    

0.79

0.64, 0.99

 

0.04

 Q1 (Lowest)

87 (14.9)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Q2

54 (10.2)

0.64

0.45, 0.93

0.02

0.68

0.46, 1.01

0.06

 

 Q3 (Highest)

36 (9.2)

0.58

0.38, 0.88

0.01

0.70

0.45, 1.09

0.11

 

Times of consuming egg per day (Mean/SD)d

    

0.76

0.62, 0.95

 

0.01

 Q1 (Lowest)

76 (14.5)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Q2

63 (11.2)

0.74

0.52, 1.06

0.11

0.79

0.54, 1.15

0.22

 

 Q3 (Highest)

39 (9.3)

0.61

0.40, 0.92

0.02

0.60

0.38, 0.93

0.02

 

Meal frequency in 24 h

       

–

 Two times

100 (15.1)

1.00

  

1.00

   

 Three times and four times

76 (9.1)

0.56

0.41, 0.77

< 0.001

0.68

0.48, 0.96

0.03

 
  1. aThe adjusted model included all the variables in the table except for dietary variables. And then, each of the dietary variables were put in the adjusted model above one at a time. The p values for trend were calculated by treating the factors as ordinal variables in the adjusted models above
  2. bParents’ age was categorized by its tertiles
  3. cPuberty development was defined by the Tanner stages
  4. dThe frequency of consuming foods was converted into continuous variables, namely times per day, which were then categorized by its tertiles. Flesh foods included meat, poultry and fish
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